{"formatVersion":"1.1","id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse","path":"/library/abuse","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse","title":"Abuse and Its Impacts","family":"Library detail","description":"Learn how abuse affects mental and emotional health, and how support can guide healing and recovery.","language":"en-US","access":{"audience":"custom-shared-preview","indexable":true},"provenance":{"sourceUrl":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse","wordpressId":"5079","contentCompleteness":"complete","dateScope":"original-source"},"authors":[{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/sue-collier#person","name":"Sue Collier","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/sue-collier"}],"reviewer":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/holly-schiff#person","name":"Holly Schiff, Psy.D.","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/holly-schiff"},"dates":{"datePublished":"2025-08-08T13:44:43Z","dateModified":"2026-08-28T20:53:27Z","lastReviewed":"2025-08-08"},"content":{"html":"

Abuse and Its Impacts

Written by \"\"Sue CollierMedically reviewed by \"\"Holly Schiff, Psy.D.

Published on · Updated on

Abuse refers to intentional behaviors that cause physical, emotional, or psychological harm. These actions often involve manipulation, control, or coercion and can occur within families, intimate relationships, workplaces, or institutions.

Understanding abuse impacts is essential to identifying its long-term consequences on mental health and guiding people toward meaningful abuse recovery.

\"Two

Key takeaways

  • Abuse can involve physical violence, emotional manipulation, sexual coercion, financial control, or neglect.
  • Its effects can include trauma symptoms, depression, anxiety, damaged self-worth, and difficulties trusting others long after abuse ends.
  • Recovery support emphasizes safety, autonomy, trauma-informed therapy, and practical resources that address barriers to leaving or seeking help.

Defining Abuse and Its Patterns

Abuse can take many forms: physical violence, emotional manipulation, sexual coercion, financial control, and neglect. While physical abuse may leave visible injuries, emotional and psychological abuse often leaves deep, unseen wounds. Tactics such as gaslighting, constant criticism, or withholding affection can erode a person’s self-worth [1].

Most abuse follows a pattern known as the “cycle of abuse,” which includes tension building, an abusive incident, reconciliation, and a calm period before the cycle repeats. This pattern reinforces fear and dependence, making it more complex to leave the situation [2].

Beyond the immediate impact, the effects of abuse often extend into long-term mental health challenges that shape how survivors think, feel, and function.

Mental Health Consequences

Abuse is a significant risk factor for a variety of mental health challenges. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex PTSD (C-PTSD), depression, anxiety, and dissociation are common outcomes. C-PTSD often develops after prolonged abuse and includes symptoms such as emotional dysregulation, negative self-image, and chronic interpersonal difficulties [3].

In the United States, about 3.6% of adults experience PTSD in any given year, and women are twice as likely as men to be affected [4]. People who experience abuse are also at greater risk for suicidal ideation, self-harming behaviors, and substance misuse [1] [2].

Even after abuse ends, survivors may live in a heightened state of alert, experience intrusive thoughts, or feel chronically unsafe. These symptoms are not signs of weakness; they are natural responses to prolonged trauma.

Left untreated, these symptoms can interfere with daily functioning, impacting work, relationships, and physical health. They may persist for years without appropriate care. In addition to diagnosable mental health disorders, abuse influences how survivors view themselves and relate to others.

Emotional and Behavioral Effects

The emotional toll of abuse can be severe. Survivors often struggle with shame, guilt, low self-esteem, and difficulty trusting others. When the abuser is a trusted person, such as a caregiver or intimate partner, the psychological conflict deepens [1].

Behavioral responses may include avoidance, social withdrawal, or compulsive overachievement. Many survivors develop coping strategies such as substance use, disordered eating, or self-harm to manage overwhelming emotions.

These behaviors are not character flaws; instead, they are attempts to cope with trauma and regain a sense of control [2] [5]. These emotional and behavioral patterns can be particularly pronounced when abuse begins early in life.

The Lasting Impact of Childhood Abuse

Abuse during childhood can disrupt emotional development and impair the brain’s ability to manage stress. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which include abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, are linked to a higher risk of depression, anxiety, substance use, and physical health problems in adulthood [6].

Neurological studies show that chronic abuse can alter brain structures like the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, leading to emotional dysregulation and memory issues [7]. Even verbal abuse during key developmental stages has been shown to affect neural pathways, increasing the risk of long-term mental health conditions [8].

Barriers to Seeking Help

Despite the serious effects of abuse, many survivors do not seek support. Barriers may include fear of retaliation, financial dependence, feelings of shame, and a lack of trust in institutions. Some people may not even recognize they are being abused, especially if emotional manipulation is involved.

This is especially true when the abuse is subtle or normalized within a relationship or culture, making it difficult for survivors to trust their own perceptions or seek validation [2].

Survivors from marginalized communities may face additional obstacles, such as language barriers, stigma, and a lack of culturally sensitive care. Women with mental health conditions are particularly vulnerable; research shows that 30 to 60% of them have also experienced domestic abuse [9].

A trauma-informed approach that centers on safety, empathy, and empowerment can help reduce these barriers and make support systems more accessible. Despite these challenges, many survivors find paths to healing through a range of evidence-based therapeutic support.

Evidence-Based Approaches to Recovery

Abuse recovery is not a linear process. Survivors benefit from a combination of therapeutic strategies, community support, and personal empowerment. Some of the most effective approaches include:

    \n
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is widely used to treat anxiety, depression, and PTSD. It helps survivors recognize harmful thought patterns and replace them with healthier, more adaptive ones [2].
    • \n
  • Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): EMDR is an evidence-based therapy for trauma that uses bilateral stimulation to help people reprocess distressing memories. It has proven effective for PTSD and is also used in treating substance use and anxiety disorders [5].
    • \n
  • Complex PTSD Treatment: Treating C-PTSD typically involves a three-phase model: establishing safety, processing trauma, and reconnecting with daily life. This process may take longer than traditional PTSD treatment and often involves integrative therapeutic modalities [3].
    • \n
  • Peer Support and Trauma-Informed Care: Support groups provide a sense of community and shared understanding. Trauma-informed care, an approach emphasizing safety, trust, and empowerment, can improve outcomes by creating a healing environment rather than re-traumatizing survivors [2].
    • \n

Supporting Survivors With Empathy

Supportive environments are essential for recovery. Survivors often benefit from being heard without judgment and having their autonomy respected.

Effective support includes:

    \n
  • Believing their experience
    • \n
  • Avoiding victim-blaming
    • \n
  • Offering resources without pressure
    • \n
  • Respecting their choices and boundaries
    • \n
  • Helping with safety planning, if needed
    • \n

Small actions, such as offering transportation, checking in, or simply listening, can create a sense of trust and safety. Empathetic gestures help rebuild the survivor’s sense of self and remind them that they are not alone, which can be a powerful motivator for seeking help. 

While individual support is vital, systemic and community-level efforts are also essential in breaking the cycle of abuse.

Creating Safer Communities

Abuse is a public health issue, not just a personal one. Communities can help prevent abuse by promoting education, accountability, and access to care.

Institutions, including schools, healthcare settings, and legal systems, play crucial roles in recognizing signs of abuse and providing appropriate interventions [8].

Trauma-informed training enables providers to respond compassionately and avoid unintentionally exacerbating a survivor’s distress.

Additionally, expanding access to emergency housing, mental health services, and financial resources can empower people to escape abusive environments and begin the process of healing [2].

From Harm to Healing

Abuse leaves lasting marks, but recovery is possible. With the proper support, survivors can rebuild a sense of safety, purpose, and identity. Therapy, peer networks, and trauma-informed services form the foundation for healing.

Understanding the mental health effects of abuse enables people and communities to respond with compassion and effectiveness. Abuse recovery is not about forgetting; it’s about reclaiming power, autonomy, and peace.

References

    \n
  1. Zafar, R., Naeem, F., Ajaib, R., & ul Haq, M. (2021). Is emotional abuse as harmful as physical and/or sexual abuse? Journal of Affective Disorders, 286, 733–740. PubMed Central. 
    2. \n
  2. Hashim, M., Alimoradi, Z., Pakpour, A. H., Pfaltz, M., & Ansari, S. (2024). Association of childhood emotional maltreatment with adolescents' psychopathology: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(4), 2986–3004. SAGE Journals.
    3. \n
  3. Stubley, J., Chipp, B., & Buszewicz, M. (2025, January 30). Diagnosis and management of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C‑PTSD). BMJ, 388, e079458. Diagnosis and management of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C‑PTSD).
    4. \n
  4. National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). National Institute of Mental Health. 
    5. \n
  5. Cleveland Clinic. (2022). EMDR therapy: What it is, procedure & effectiveness. Cleveland Clinic.
    6. \n
  6. Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. PubMed.
    7. \n
  7. Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2016). Annual research review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(3), 241–266. Annual research review.
    8. \n
  8. Marsh, S. (2025, April 28). Being shouted at by parents can alter a child’s brain, experts tell UK MPs. The Guardian. Being shouted at by parents can alter a child’s brain, experts tell UK MPs.
    9. \n
  9. Mental Health Foundation. (n.d.). Domestic violence and mental health. Mental Health Foundation.
    10. \n

Medical Content

The Clinical Affairs Team at MentalHealth.com is a dedicated group of medical professionals with diverse and extensive clinical experience. They actively contribute to the development of content, products, and services, and meticulously review all medical material before publication to ensure accuracy and alignment with current research and conversations in mental health. For more information, please visit the Editorial Policy.

About MentalHealth.com

MentalHealth.com helps people understand themselves, build healthier relationships, and access the right care. We bring together mental health education, diagnostics, and care management to support well-being throughout every phase of life.

\"\"

Author

Sue Collier

BA

Sue Collier is a seasoned editor and content writer with decades of experience across healthcare, dental, legal, education, and technology sectors.

Published
Updated
\"\"

Medical Reviewer

Holly Schiff, Psy.D.

Psy.D.

Holly Schiff, Psy.D., is a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the treatment of children, young adults, and their families.

Reviewed

Subject matter expert

\"\"

Mark Vigil Dombeck Ph.D.

Trauma-informed psychology

View experience
\"\"

Related communities

Recovery

Share perspectives on recovery, change, and the many forms of support along the way.

Explore community
","text":"HomeLibraryTrauma & AdversityAbuse and Its ImpactsAbuse and Its ImpactsWritten by Sue CollierMedically reviewed by Holly Schiff, Psy.D.Published on August 8, 2025 · Updated on August 28, 2026Abuse refers to intentional behaviors that cause physical, emotional, or psychological harm. These actions often involve manipulation, control, or coercion and can occur within families, intimate relationships, workplaces, or institutions.Understanding abuse impacts is essential to identifying its long-term consequences on mental health and guiding people toward meaningful abuse recovery.Key takeawaysAbuse can involve physical violence, emotional manipulation, sexual coercion, financial control, or neglect.Its effects can include trauma symptoms, depression, anxiety, damaged self-worth, and difficulties trusting others long after abuse ends.Recovery support emphasizes safety, autonomy, trauma-informed therapy, and practical resources that address barriers to leaving or seeking help.Defining Abuse and Its PatternsAbuse can take many forms: physical violence, emotional manipulation, sexual coercion, financial control, and neglect. While physical abuse may leave visible injuries, emotional and psychological abuse often leaves deep, unseen wounds. Tactics such as gaslighting, constant criticism, or withholding affection can erode a person’s self-worth [1].Most abuse follows a pattern known as the “cycle of abuse,” which includes tension building, an abusive incident, reconciliation, and a calm period before the cycle repeats. This pattern reinforces fear and dependence, making it more complex to leave the situation [2]. Beyond the immediate impact, the effects of abuse often extend into long-term mental health challenges that shape how survivors think, feel, and function.Mental Health ConsequencesAbuse is a significant risk factor for a variety of mental health challenges. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), complex PTSD (C-PTSD), depression, anxiety, and dissociation are common outcomes. C-PTSD often develops after prolonged abuse and includes symptoms such as emotional dysregulation, negative self-image, and chronic interpersonal difficulties [3].In the United States, about 3.6% of adults experience PTSD in any given year, and women are twice as likely as men to be affected [4]. People who experience abuse are also at greater risk for suicidal ideation, self-harming behaviors, and substance misuse [1] [2].Even after abuse ends, survivors may live in a heightened state of alert, experience intrusive thoughts, or feel chronically unsafe. These symptoms are not signs of weakness; they are natural responses to prolonged trauma.Left untreated, these symptoms can interfere with daily functioning, impacting work, relationships, and physical health. They may persist for years without appropriate care. In addition to diagnosable mental health disorders, abuse influences how survivors view themselves and relate to others.Emotional and Behavioral EffectsThe emotional toll of abuse can be severe. Survivors often struggle with shame, guilt, low self-esteem, and difficulty trusting others. When the abuser is a trusted person, such as a caregiver or intimate partner, the psychological conflict deepens [1].Behavioral responses may include avoidance, social withdrawal, or compulsive overachievement. Many survivors develop coping strategies such as substance use, disordered eating, or self-harm to manage overwhelming emotions.These behaviors are not character flaws; instead, they are attempts to cope with trauma and regain a sense of control [2] [5]. These emotional and behavioral patterns can be particularly pronounced when abuse begins early in life.The Lasting Impact of Childhood AbuseAbuse during childhood can disrupt emotional development and impair the brain’s ability to manage stress. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), which include abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, are linked to a higher risk of depression, anxiety, substance use, and physical health problems in adulthood [6].Neurological studies show that chronic abuse can alter brain structures like the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, leading to emotional dysregulation and memory issues [7]. Even verbal abuse during key developmental stages has been shown to affect neural pathways, increasing the risk of long-term mental health conditions [8].Barriers to Seeking HelpDespite the serious effects of abuse, many survivors do not seek support. Barriers may include fear of retaliation, financial dependence, feelings of shame, and a lack of trust in institutions. Some people may not even recognize they are being abused, especially if emotional manipulation is involved.This is especially true when the abuse is subtle or normalized within a relationship or culture, making it difficult for survivors to trust their own perceptions or seek validation [2].Survivors from marginalized communities may face additional obstacles, such as language barriers, stigma, and a lack of culturally sensitive care. Women with mental health conditions are particularly vulnerable; research shows that 30 to 60% of them have also experienced domestic abuse [9].A trauma-informed approach that centers on safety, empathy, and empowerment can help reduce these barriers and make support systems more accessible. Despite these challenges, many survivors find paths to healing through a range of evidence-based therapeutic support.Evidence-Based Approaches to RecoveryAbuse recovery is not a linear process. Survivors benefit from a combination of therapeutic strategies, community support, and personal empowerment. Some of the most effective approaches include: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is widely used to treat anxiety, depression, and PTSD. It helps survivors recognize harmful thought patterns and replace them with healthier, more adaptive ones [2]. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): EMDR is an evidence-based therapy for trauma that uses bilateral stimulation to help people reprocess distressing memories. It has proven effective for PTSD and is also used in treating substance use and anxiety disorders [5]. Complex PTSD Treatment: Treating C-PTSD typically involves a three-phase model: establishing safety, processing trauma, and reconnecting with daily life. This process may take longer than traditional PTSD treatment and often involves integrative therapeutic modalities [3]. Peer Support and Trauma-Informed Care: Support groups provide a sense of community and shared understanding. Trauma-informed care, an approach emphasizing safety, trust, and empowerment, can improve outcomes by creating a healing environment rather than re-traumatizing survivors [2]. Supporting Survivors With EmpathySupportive environments are essential for recovery. Survivors often benefit from being heard without judgment and having their autonomy respected. Effective support includes: Believing their experience Avoiding victim-blaming Offering resources without pressure Respecting their choices and boundaries Helping with safety planning, if needed Small actions, such as offering transportation, checking in, or simply listening, can create a sense of trust and safety. Empathetic gestures help rebuild the survivor’s sense of self and remind them that they are not alone, which can be a powerful motivator for seeking help. While individual support is vital, systemic and community-level efforts are also essential in breaking the cycle of abuse.Creating Safer CommunitiesAbuse is a public health issue, not just a personal one. Communities can help prevent abuse by promoting education, accountability, and access to care. Institutions, including schools, healthcare settings, and legal systems, play crucial roles in recognizing signs of abuse and providing appropriate interventions [8].Trauma-informed training enables providers to respond compassionately and avoid unintentionally exacerbating a survivor’s distress. Additionally, expanding access to emergency housing, mental health services, and financial resources can empower people to escape abusive environments and begin the process of healing [2].From Harm to HealingAbuse leaves lasting marks, but recovery is possible. With the proper support, survivors can rebuild a sense of safety, purpose, and identity. Therapy, peer networks, and trauma-informed services form the foundation for healing.Understanding the mental health effects of abuse enables people and communities to respond with compassion and effectiveness. Abuse recovery is not about forgetting; it’s about reclaiming power, autonomy, and peace.References Zafar, R., Naeem, F., Ajaib, R., & ul Haq, M. (2021). Is emotional abuse as harmful as physical and/or sexual abuse? Journal of Affective Disorders, 286, 733–740. PubMed Central. Hashim, M., Alimoradi, Z., Pakpour, A. H., Pfaltz, M., & Ansari, S. (2024). Association of childhood emotional maltreatment with adolescents' psychopathology: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(4), 2986–3004. SAGE Journals. Stubley, J., Chipp, B., & Buszewicz, M. (2025, January 30). Diagnosis and management of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C‑PTSD). BMJ, 388, e079458. Diagnosis and management of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C‑PTSD). National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). National Institute of Mental Health. Cleveland Clinic. (2022). EMDR therapy: What it is, procedure & effectiveness. Cleveland Clinic. Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. PubMed. Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2016). Annual research review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(3), 241–266. Annual research review. Marsh, S. (2025, April 28). Being shouted at by parents can alter a child’s brain, experts tell UK MPs. The Guardian. Being shouted at by parents can alter a child’s brain, experts tell UK MPs. Mental Health Foundation. (n.d.). Domestic violence and mental health. Mental Health Foundation. Medical ContentThe Clinical Affairs Team at MentalHealth.com is a dedicated group of medical professionals with diverse and extensive clinical experience. They actively contribute to the development of content, products, and services, and meticulously review all medical material before publication to ensure accuracy and alignment with current research and conversations in mental health. For more information, please visit the Editorial Policy.About MentalHealth.comMentalHealth.com helps people understand themselves, build healthier relationships, and access the right care. We bring together mental health education, diagnostics, and care management to support well-being throughout every phase of life.AuthorSue CollierBASue Collier is a seasoned editor and content writer with decades of experience across healthcare, dental, legal, education, and technology sectors.PublishedAugust 8, 2025UpdatedAugust 28, 2026Medical ReviewerHolly Schiff, Psy.D.Psy.D.Holly Schiff, Psy.D., is a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the treatment of children, young adults, and their families.ReviewedAugust 8, 2025Subject matter expertMark Vigil Dombeck Ph.D.Trauma-informed psychologyView experienceRelated communitiesRecoveryShare perspectives on recovery, change, and the many forms of support along the way.Explore communityTable of contentsChoose a sectionDefining Abuse and Its PatternsMental Health ConsequencesEmotional and Behavioral EffectsThe Lasting Impact of Childhood AbuseBarriers to Seeking HelpEvidence-Based Approaches to RecoverySupporting Survivors With EmpathyCreating Safer CommunitiesFrom Harm to HealingView moreSubject matter expertMark Vigil Dombeck Ph.D.Trauma-informed psychologyView experienceRelated communitiesRecoveryShare perspectives on recovery, change, and the many forms of support along the way.Explore community","wordCount":1644},"schema":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/#organization","name":"MentalHealth.com","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/#website","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/","name":"MentalHealth.com","inLanguage":"en-US","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/#organization"}},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Library","item":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Trauma & Adversity","item":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/trauma"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Abuse and Its Impacts","item":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse"}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#primaryimage","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/library/editorial-3544.webp","contentUrl":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/library/editorial-3544.webp","width":1200,"height":630,"encodingFormat":"image/webp","caption":"Two people hold hands during a supportive conversation."},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/sue-collier#person","name":"Sue Collier","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/sue-collier","jobTitle":"BA","image":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/wordpress/12760.jpg","sameAs":["https://www.linkedin.com/in/suecollier/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/holly-schiff#person","name":"Holly Schiff, Psy.D.","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/holly-schiff","jobTitle":"Psy.D.","image":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/wordpress/11503.jpg","sameAs":["https://www.linkedin.com/in/holly-ann-schiff-psy-d-21b53821/"]},{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#article","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse","headline":"Abuse and Its Impacts","description":"Learn how abuse affects mental and emotional health, and how support can guide healing and recovery.","wordCount":1191,"mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#webpage"},"publisher":{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/#organization"},"articleSection":"Library","citation":[{"@type":"CreativeWork","name":"Zafar, R., Naeem, F., Ajaib, R., & ul Haq, M. (2021). Is emotional abuse as harmful as physical and/or sexual abuse? Journal of Affective Disorders, 286, 733–740. PubMed Central.","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7683637/"},{"@type":"CreativeWork","name":"Hashim, M., Alimoradi, Z., Pakpour, A. H., Pfaltz, M., & Ansari, S. (2024). Association of childhood emotional maltreatment with adolescents' psychopathology: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(4), 2986–3004. SAGE Journals.","url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15248380241233538"},{"@type":"CreativeWork","name":"Stubley, J., Chipp, B., & Buszewicz, M. (2025, January 30). Diagnosis and management of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C‑PTSD). BMJ, 388, e079458. Diagnosis and management of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C‑PTSD).","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2024-079458"},{"@type":"CreativeWork","name":"National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). National Institute of Mental Health.","url":"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd"},{"@type":"CreativeWork","name":"Cleveland Clinic. (2022). EMDR therapy: What it is, procedure & effectiveness. Cleveland Clinic.","url":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22641-emdr-therapy"},{"@type":"CreativeWork","name":"Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. PubMed.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9635069/"},{"@type":"CreativeWork","name":"Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2016). Annual research review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(3), 241–266. Annual research review.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12507"},{"@type":"CreativeWork","name":"Marsh, S. (2025, April 28). Being shouted at by parents can alter a child’s brain, experts tell UK MPs. The Guardian. Being shouted at by parents can alter a child’s brain, experts tell UK MPs.","url":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2025/apr/28/being-shouted-at-by-parents-can-alter-childs-brain-experts-tell-uk-mps"},{"@type":"CreativeWork","name":"Mental Health Foundation. (n.d.). Domestic violence and mental health. Mental Health Foundation.","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/statistics/domestic-violence"}],"inLanguage":"en-US","datePublished":"2025-08-08T13:44:43Z","dateModified":"2026-08-28T20:53:27Z","author":[{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/sue-collier#person"}],"image":{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#primaryimage"}},{"@type":"MedicalWebPage","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#webpage","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse","name":"Abuse and Its Impacts","description":"Learn how abuse affects mental and emotional health, and how support can guide healing and recovery.","inLanguage":"en-US","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#breadcrumb"},"mainEntity":{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#article"},"relatedLink":["https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/anger-victimization-and-abuse","https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/sexual-abuse-and-rape","https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/if-you-are-a-third-party-to-abuse","https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/symptoms-of-alcohol-substance-abuse","https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/child-abuse-and-the-role-of-parental-denial","https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/mark-dombeck"],"publisher":{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/#organization"},"medicalAudience":{"@type":"MedicalAudience","audienceType":"General public"},"datePublished":"2025-08-08T13:44:43Z","dateModified":"2026-08-28T20:53:27Z","lastReviewed":"2025-08-08","primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#primaryimage"},"reviewedBy":{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/holly-schiff#person"}}]},"representations":{"html":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse","json":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/data/library/abuse.json","jsonLd":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/data/library/abuse.ld.json"},"$schema":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/data/page.schema.json","images":[{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/wordpress/12760.jpg","alt":"","width":22,"height":22},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/wordpress/11503.jpg","alt":"","width":22,"height":22},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/library/editorial-3544.webp","alt":"Two people hold hands during a supportive conversation.","width":1200,"height":630},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/wordpress/9364.jpg","alt":"","width":64,"height":64},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/library/editorial-14503.webp","alt":"","width":48,"height":48}],"sections":[{"id":"key-takeaways","title":"Key takeaways","level":2,"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#key-takeaways"},{"id":"defining-abuse-and-its-patterns","title":"Defining Abuse and Its Patterns","level":2,"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#defining-abuse-and-its-patterns"},{"id":"mental-health-consequences","title":"Mental Health Consequences","level":2,"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#mental-health-consequences"},{"id":"emotional-and-behavioral-effects","title":"Emotional and Behavioral Effects","level":2,"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#emotional-and-behavioral-effects"},{"id":"the-lasting-impact-of-childhood-abuse","title":"The Lasting Impact of Childhood Abuse","level":2,"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#the-lasting-impact-of-childhood-abuse"},{"id":"barriers-to-seeking-help","title":"Barriers to Seeking Help","level":2,"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#barriers-to-seeking-help"},{"id":"evidence-based-approaches-to-recovery","title":"Evidence-Based Approaches to Recovery","level":2,"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#evidence-based-approaches-to-recovery"},{"id":"supporting-survivors-with-empathy","title":"Supporting Survivors With Empathy","level":2,"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#supporting-survivors-with-empathy"},{"id":"creating-safer-communities","title":"Creating Safer Communities","level":2,"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#creating-safer-communities"},{"id":"from-harm-to-healing","title":"From Harm to Healing","level":2,"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#from-harm-to-healing"},{"id":"references-2","title":"References","level":2,"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#references-2"},{"id":"medical-content","title":"Medical Content","level":2,"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#medical-content"},{"id":"about-mentalhealth-com","title":"About MentalHealth.com","level":2,"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#about-mentalhealth-com"},{"id":"sue-collier","title":"Sue Collier","level":3,"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#sue-collier"},{"id":"holly-schiff-psy-d","title":"Holly Schiff, Psy.D.","level":3,"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#holly-schiff-psy-d"}],"references":[{"number":1,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#emotional-abuse-harmful-physical-sexual-abuse","text":"Zafar, R., Naeem, F., Ajaib, R., & ul Haq, M. (2021). Is emotional abuse as harmful as physical and/or sexual abuse? Journal of Affective Disorders, 286, 733–740. PubMed Central.","links":[{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7683637/","label":"PubMed Central"}],"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7683637/"},{"number":2,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#association-childhood-emotional-maltreatment-adolescents-psychopathology-systematic-revi","text":"Hashim, M., Alimoradi, Z., Pakpour, A. H., Pfaltz, M., & Ansari, S. (2024). Association of childhood emotional maltreatment with adolescents' psychopathology: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(4), 2986–3004. SAGE Journals.","links":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15248380241233538","label":"SAGE Journals"}],"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15248380241233538"},{"number":3,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#diagnosis-management-complex-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-cptsd","text":"Stubley, J., Chipp, B., & Buszewicz, M. (2025, January 30). Diagnosis and management of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C‑PTSD). BMJ, 388, e079458. Diagnosis and management of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C‑PTSD).","links":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2024-079458","label":"Diagnosis and management of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C‑PTSD)"}],"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2024-079458"},{"number":4,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd","text":"National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). National Institute of Mental Health.","links":[{"url":"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd","label":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"url":"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd"},{"number":5,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#emdr-therapy-it-procedure-effectiveness","text":"Cleveland Clinic. (2022). EMDR therapy: What it is, procedure & effectiveness. Cleveland Clinic.","links":[{"url":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22641-emdr-therapy","label":"Cleveland Clinic"}],"url":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22641-emdr-therapy"},{"number":6,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#relationship-childhood-abuse-household-dysfunction-many-leading-causes-death","text":"Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. PubMed.","links":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9635069/","label":"PubMed"}],"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9635069/"},{"number":7,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#annual-research-review-enduring-neurobiological-effects-childhood-abuse-neglect","text":"Teicher, M. H., & Samson, J. A. (2016). Annual research review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(3), 241–266. Annual research review.","links":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12507","label":"Annual research review"}],"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12507"},{"number":8,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#being-shouted-parents-can-alter-childs-brain-experts-tell","text":"Marsh, S. (2025, April 28). Being shouted at by parents can alter a child’s brain, experts tell UK MPs. The Guardian. Being shouted at by parents can alter a child’s brain, experts tell UK MPs.","links":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2025/apr/28/being-shouted-at-by-parents-can-alter-childs-brain-experts-tell-uk-mps","label":"Being shouted at by parents can alter a child’s brain, experts tell UK MPs"}],"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2025/apr/28/being-shouted-at-by-parents-can-alter-childs-brain-experts-tell-uk-mps"},{"number":9,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#domestic-violence-mental-health","text":"Mental Health Foundation. (n.d.). Domestic violence and mental health. Mental Health Foundation.","links":[{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/statistics/domestic-violence","label":"Mental Health Foundation"}],"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/statistics/domestic-violence"}],"relatedReading":[],"links":[{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/","label":"Home"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library","label":"Library"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/trauma","label":"Trauma & Adversity"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/sue-collier","label":"Sue Collier"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/holly-schiff","label":"Holly Schiff, Psy.D."},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/psychology","label":"psychological harm"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#emotional-abuse-harmful-physical-sexual-abuse","label":"[1]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#association-childhood-emotional-maltreatment-adolescents-psychopathology-systematic-revi","label":"[2]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/ptsd","label":"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/trauma-complex-ptsd","label":"complex PTSD (C-PTSD)"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/depression","label":"depression"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/generalized-anxiety-disorder","label":"anxiety"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/answers/relationship-between-dissociation-did-and-ptsd","label":"dissociation"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#diagnosis-management-complex-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-cptsd","label":"[3]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd","label":"[4]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/suicide","label":"suicidal ideation"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/reasons-people-self-injure","label":"self-harming behaviors"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/substance-use-disorders","label":"substance misuse"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#emotional-abuse-harmful-physical-sexual-abuse","label":"[1]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#association-childhood-emotional-maltreatment-adolescents-psychopathology-systematic-revi","label":"[2]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/trauma","label":"prolonged trauma"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/mental-disorders","label":"mental health disorders"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/shame","label":"shame"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/blog/feeling-bad-about-being-sad","label":"guilt"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/importance-and-dimensions-of-self-esteem","label":"low self-esteem"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#emotional-abuse-harmful-physical-sexual-abuse","label":"[1]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/substance-use-disorders","label":"substance use"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/eating-disorders","label":"disordered eating"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#association-childhood-emotional-maltreatment-adolescents-psychopathology-systematic-revi","label":"[2]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#emdr-therapy-it-procedure-effectiveness","label":"[5]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/forms-and-causes-of-childhood-disorders","label":"Abuse during childhood"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#relationship-childhood-abuse-household-dysfunction-many-leading-causes-death","label":"[6]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/psychological-effects-of-stress","label":"chronic abuse"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/emotional-health","label":"emotional dysregulation"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#annual-research-review-enduring-neurobiological-effects-childhood-abuse-neglect","label":"[7]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#being-shouted-parents-can-alter-childs-brain-experts-tell","label":"[8]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/the-most-difficult-emotion-shame-disconnection-courage-and-love","label":"feelings of shame"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#association-childhood-emotional-maltreatment-adolescents-psychopathology-systematic-revi","label":"[2]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/mental-health-conditions","label":"mental health conditions"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#domestic-violence-mental-health","label":"[9]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/recovery","label":"Abuse recovery"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/cognitive-behavioral-therapy","label":"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#association-childhood-emotional-maltreatment-adolescents-psychopathology-systematic-revi","label":"[2]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#emdr-therapy-it-procedure-effectiveness","label":"[5]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/trauma-complex-ptsd","label":"Complex PTSD Treatment"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#diagnosis-management-complex-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-cptsd","label":"[3]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/support-groups","label":"Support groups"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#association-childhood-emotional-maltreatment-adolescents-psychopathology-systematic-revi","label":"[2]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/compassion-vs-empathy","label":"Empathetic gestures"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#being-shouted-parents-can-alter-childs-brain-experts-tell","label":"[8]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people","label":"mental health services"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#association-childhood-emotional-maltreatment-adolescents-psychopathology-systematic-revi","label":"[2]"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/therapy","label":"Therapy"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/mental-health-symptoms","label":"mental health effects"},{"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7683637/","label":"PubMed Central"},{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/15248380241233538","label":"SAGE Journals"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2024-079458","label":"Diagnosis and management of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C‑PTSD)"},{"url":"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-ptsd","label":"National Institute of Mental Health"},{"url":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22641-emdr-therapy","label":"Cleveland Clinic"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9635069/","label":"PubMed"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12507","label":"Annual research review"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2025/apr/28/being-shouted-at-by-parents-can-alter-childs-brain-experts-tell-uk-mps","label":"Being shouted at by parents can alter a child’s brain, experts tell UK MPs"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/statistics/domestic-violence","label":"Mental Health Foundation"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/clinical-affairs","label":"The Clinical Affairs Team"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/publishing/editorial-policy","label":"Editorial Policy"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/sue-collier","label":"Sue Collier"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/holly-schiff","label":"Holly Schiff, Psy.D."},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/mark-dombeck","label":"Mark Vigil Dombeck Ph.D."},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/mark-dombeck","label":"View experience"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/community/recovery","label":"Explore community"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#defining-abuse-and-its-patterns","label":"Defining Abuse and Its Patterns"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#mental-health-consequences","label":"Mental Health Consequences"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#emotional-and-behavioral-effects","label":"Emotional and Behavioral Effects"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#the-lasting-impact-of-childhood-abuse","label":"The Lasting Impact of Childhood Abuse"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#barriers-to-seeking-help","label":"Barriers to Seeking Help"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#evidence-based-approaches-to-recovery","label":"Evidence-Based Approaches to Recovery"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#supporting-survivors-with-empathy","label":"Supporting Survivors With Empathy"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#creating-safer-communities","label":"Creating Safer Communities"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse#from-harm-to-healing","label":"From Harm to Healing"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/mark-dombeck","label":"Mark Vigil Dombeck Ph.D."},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/mark-dombeck","label":"View experience"},{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/community/recovery","label":"Explore community"}],"seo":{"title":"Abuse and Its Impacts | MentalHealth.com","description":"Learn how abuse affects mental and emotional health, and how support can guide healing and recovery.","canonical":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse","robots":"index,follow","socialImage":{"url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/social-tiles-20261006-dots/library.png","width":1200,"height":630,"alt":"MentalHealth.com — Library","type":"image/png","sitemapGroup":"library"}},"breadcrumbs":[{"name":"Home","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/"},{"name":"Library","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library"},{"name":"Trauma & Adversity","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/trauma"},{"name":"Abuse and Its Impacts","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/abuse"}],"subjectMatterExpert":{"name":"Mark Vigil Dombeck, Ph.D.","url":"/people/mark-dombeck","profileId":"7832","topic":"trauma","focus":"Trauma-informed psychology","selectionBasis":"Documented expertise in the existing published profile","reviewAttribution":false},"keyTakeaways":["Abuse can involve physical violence, emotional manipulation, sexual coercion, financial control, or neglect.","Its effects can include trauma symptoms, depression, anxiety, damaged self-worth, and difficulties trusting others long after abuse ends.","Recovery support emphasizes safety, autonomy, trauma-informed therapy, and practical resources that address barriers to leaving or seeking help."],"introduction":{"html":"Abuse refers to intentional behaviors that cause physical, emotional, or psychological harm. These actions often involve manipulation, control, or coercion and can occur within families, intimate relationships, workplaces, or institutions.\n\nUnderstanding abuse impacts is essential to identifying its long-term consequences on mental health and guiding people toward meaningful abuse recovery.","text":"Abuse refers to intentional behaviors that cause physical, emotional, or psychological harm. These actions often involve manipulation, control, or coercion and can occur within families, intimate relationships, workplaces, or institutions. Understanding abuse impacts is essential to identifying its long-term consequences on mental health and guiding people toward meaningful abuse recovery.","sourceField":"hero"},"navigation":[{"label":"Defining Abuse and Its Patterns","href":"#defining-abuse-and-its-patterns","heading":"Defining Abuse and Its Patterns"},{"label":"Mental Health Consequences","href":"#mental-health-consequences","heading":"Mental Health Consequences"},{"label":"Emotional and Behavioral Effects","href":"#emotional-and-behavioral-effects","heading":"Emotional and Behavioral Effects"},{"label":"The Lasting Impact of Childhood Abuse","href":"#the-lasting-impact-of-childhood-abuse","heading":"The Lasting Impact of Childhood Abuse"},{"label":"Barriers to Seeking Help","href":"#barriers-to-seeking-help","heading":"Barriers to Seeking Help"},{"label":"Evidence-Based Approaches to Recovery","href":"#evidence-based-approaches-to-recovery","heading":"Evidence-Based Approaches to Recovery"},{"label":"Supporting Survivors With Empathy","href":"#supporting-survivors-with-empathy","heading":"Supporting Survivors With Empathy"},{"label":"Creating Safer Communities","href":"#creating-safer-communities","heading":"Creating Safer Communities"},{"label":"From Harm to Healing","href":"#from-harm-to-healing","heading":"From Harm to Healing"}],"relatedCommunity":{"community":"/community/recovery","basis":"topic match"},"referencePresentation":"Numbered author–date bibliography with linked source documents; n.d. denotes unavailable publication date.","collections":[]}