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The Causes of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Written by \"\"Allan Schwartz, Ph.D.Medically reviewed by \"\"Brittany Ferri, Ph.D.

Published on · Updated on

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Its symptoms include difficulty focusing, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, stemming from genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors.

ADHD often runs in families, suggesting a genetic component, while other factors include premature birth, exposure to toxins, and early brain injuries.

\"A

Key takeaways

  • ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition influenced by genetic, environmental, and biological factors.
  • Family history and some prenatal or early developmental exposures are associated with increased risk.
  • Poor parenting, income level, and screen use alone do not explain the development of ADHD.

Is Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Genetic?

ADHD affects 1 to 3% of children globally. While this percentage may seem small, it represents millions of children when considered within the context of a global population of nearly 8 billion. This widespread impact underscores the importance of continued research into the causes and contributing factors of ADHD⁠[1]. 

Research shows that ADHD often runs in families, with twin studies suggesting heritability rates of between 60% and 90%. Therefore, if a parent or another close relative has ADHD, a child is more likely to inherit it as well.

Many researchers believe that this link is due to a specific gene that affects how the brain develops and functions, particularly in areas related to attention, impulse control, and emotion regulation⁠[2]. 

Subject matter expert

\"\"

Holly Schiff Psy.D.

Child, adolescent, and young adult psychology

Environmental and Developmental Influences on Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

While genetics significantly contributes to the development of ADHD, environmental and developmental factors also play a crucial role. These influences, particularly during pregnancy and early childhood, can affect brain development in ways that increase the risk of ADHD, especially when combined with genetic predispositions⁠[3]. 

Prenatal Factors

Several conditions during pregnancy are associated with increased ADHD risk:

    \n
  • Exposure to toxins such as lead, pesticides, and air pollutants can interfere with fetal brain development, particularly in areas involved in attention and impulse control⁠[3].
    • \n
  • Substance use, including smoking, alcohol, or drugs during pregnancy, has been linked to neurodevelopmental disruptions.
    • \n
  • High maternal stress may affect fetal neurochemistry, contributing to later behavioral and cognitive challenges.
    • \n
  • Poor prenatal nutrition, especially deficiencies in omega-3 fatty acids and folic acid, may impair healthy brain development.
    • \n
  • Birth complications, including premature delivery or low birth weight, can lead to structural and functional brain changes that increase susceptibility to ADHD.
    • \n

Early Childhood Factors

The early years of life are critical for brain development, and negative experiences during this time can impact cognitive and behavioral functioning⁠[3]: 

    \n
  • Emotional or physical trauma, including neglect and abuse, can alter brain structure and affect attention and self-regulation.
    • \n
  • Chronic stress in the home environment may disrupt the development of neural pathways essential for executive functioning.
    • \n
  • Ongoing exposure to toxins, such as secondhand smoke or polluted air, can impair attention and impulse control.
    • \n
  • Infections and head injuries during early childhood have also been associated with ADHD-like symptoms.
    • \n

Additional Considerations

Other factors that may elevate ADHD risk include:

    \n
  • Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), particularly in areas of the brain associated with executive function.
    • \n
  • Advanced maternal age has been linked in some studies to a modest increase in ADHD risk, though the mechanisms remain unclear.
    • \n

ADHD rarely stems from a single cause. Instead, it reflects a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and developmental influences. Understanding these connections can guide early intervention, reduce risk, and support more personalized care strategies.

The Neurobiological Causes of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

While genetics and environmental factors, especially during formative years, contribute to the development of ADHD, many researchers have found that the brain chemical dopamine also plays a role in ADHD. Dopamine is that all-important chemical that helps us stay focused and motivated. For people with ADHD, however, the brain often doesn't produce or use dopamine as well as it should⁠[4]. 

ADHD is thought to involve a combination of factors, with genes playing an important role. Researchers also study differences in brain development and neurobiology. These group-level findings do not mean that every person with ADHD has the same brain structure or pattern of activity⁠[5].

These structural differences in the brain help explain why people with ADHD struggle to stay organized and on track with tasks. However, it's essential to recognize that ADHD does not reflect a deficiency; it simply represents a different way the brain functions for some individuals. 

How Diet and Nutrition Affect Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

In addition to genetic, environmental, and neurobiological influences, diet and nutrition may also play a role in the development of ADHD. Researchers have found that children with ADHD tend to have lower levels of specific vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids in their bodies compared to children without ADHD⁠[3]. 

The most essential vitamins and minerals are:

    \n
  • Omega-3s: Crucial for healthy brain development and communication between brain cells.
    • \n
  • Iron: Needed to produce dopamine and other neurotransmitters that regulate energy and attention levels.
    • \n
  • Zinc: Helps regulate the production of dopamine and norepinephrine, which are involved in attention, focus, and impulse control.
    • \n
  • Vitamin D: Helps regulate the production of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin that help with focus, mood, and behavior control.
    • \n

Diet alone does not cause ADHD, nor can it cure the condition. ADHD is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder influenced by genetics, brain function, and environmental factors. However, nutrition can play a supportive role in managing symptoms. Dietary choices help improve focus, energy levels, and overall brain function.

It’s also important to recognize that nutritional needs vary from person to person. While a balanced diet may not replace other forms of treatment, it can be a valuable part of a holistic approach to ADHD care. Prioritizing good nutrition may help individuals better manage their symptoms and support overall well-being.

Debunking Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Myths

Despite there being a lot of known potential causes of ADHD, whether it's genetic, environmental, or nutritional, there are still many misconceptions surrounding the origins of the disorder. Here are some of the more popular myths surrounding the condition and what causes it:

Myth 1: Bad Parenting Causes Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Parenting doesn't cause ADHD. Although some people mistakenly believe that a child's behavior reflects poor discipline or parenting failures, this assumption is inaccurate and harmful. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder rooted in differences in how the brain functions and processes information.

Brain structure, neurotransmitter activity, and genetics play a far more significant role in the development of ADHD than parenting style. While supportive and consistent parenting can help manage symptoms, it does not cause or prevent them. 

Myth 2: Excessive Screen Time Causes Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Excessive screen time may contribute to difficulties with behavior and attention, but it is not a direct cause of ADHD. The condition is rooted in neurodevelopmental differences, including how the brain matures and the function of neurotransmitters.

Although managing screen use is vital for overall mental well-being, ADHD develops independently of screen habits, and genetics, brain chemistry, and early developmental factors are primary influences.

Myth 3: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Only Affects Lower Socioeconomic Classes

ADHD affects individuals from all socioeconomic backgrounds. It is not caused by income level or social status but is linked to how the brain develops and functions. Although people from lower-income households or challenging family situations may face more obstacles in getting diagnosed or treated, these factors do not cause ADHD itself.

That said, difficult life circumstances, such as poverty, family stress, or abuse, can add to the challenges children face. These situations are often linked to higher rates of mental health issues, including ADHD. Still, the condition remains a neurological one that can affect anyone, regardless of background⁠[3]. 

What Influences the Development of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

ADHD is a complex neurodevelopmental condition influenced by multiple factors rather than a single cause. Genetics plays a significant role, especially when there is a family history of ADHD.

Environmental influences during pregnancy and early childhood, such as exposure to toxins or premature birth, also contribute to the condition's development. Neurological differences, including how the brain processes information and regulates attention, further shape ADHD.

Understanding that ADHD arises from this combination of influences is key to offering practical support. Rather than pinpointing one cause, it's more helpful to take a compassionate and individualized approach to care, tailored to each person's unique needs.

References

  1. Thapar, A., Cooper, M., Jefferies, R., & Stergiakouli, E. (2011). What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? Archives of Disease in Childhood, 97(3), 260–265. BMJ. Accessed May 29 2025.
  2. Larsson, H., Chang, Z., D’Onofrio, B. M., & Lichtenstein, P. (2013). The heritability of clinically diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Psychological Medicine, 44(10), 2223–2229. Cambridge University Press. Accessed October 10 2026.
  3. Thapar, A., Cooper, M., Eyre, O., & Langley, K. (2013). Practitioner review: What have we learnt about the causes of ADHD? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(1), 3–16. Wiley. Accessed October 10 2026.
  4. Blum, K., Chen, A. L.-C., Braverman, E. R., Comings, D. E., Chen, T. J. H., et al. (2008). Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 4(5), 893–917. dovepress.com. Accessed May 29 2025.
  5. National Institute of Mental Health. (2024). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: What You Need to Know. National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Mental Health. Accessed October 10 2026.

Medical Content

The Clinical Affairs Team at MentalHealth.com is a dedicated group of medical professionals with diverse and extensive clinical experience. They actively contribute to the development of content, products, and services, and meticulously review all medical material before publication to ensure accuracy and alignment with current research and conversations in mental health. For more information, please visit the Editorial Policy.

About MentalHealth.com

MentalHealth.com helps people understand themselves, build healthier relationships, and access the right care. We bring together mental health education, diagnostics, and care management to support well-being throughout every phase of life.

\"\"

Author

Allan Schwartz, Ph.D.

LCSW, Ph.D.

Allan Schwartz, LCSW, Ph.D. is a medical writer with more than 30 years of clinical experience as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. He writes on a wide range of mental health topics, including mood and anxiety disorders, eating disorders, trauma, abuse, stress, and relationship challenges.

Published
Updated
\"\"

Medical Reviewer

Brittany Ferri, Ph.D.

OTR/L

Brittany Ferri, Ph.D., is a medical reviewer and subject matter expert in behavioral health, pediatrics, and telehealth.

Reviewed
\"\"

Related community

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Share perspectives on attention, daily routines, and life with ADHD.

","text":"Home Library Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder The Causes of ADHD The Causes of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Written by Allan Schwartz, Ph.D.Medically reviewed by Brittany Ferri, Ph.D. Published on May 14, 2025 · Updated on May 13, 2026 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Its symptoms include difficulty focusing, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, stemming from genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. ADHD often runs in families, suggesting a genetic component, while other factors include premature birth, exposure to toxins, and early brain injuries. Key takeaways ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition influenced by genetic, environmental, and biological factors. Family history and some prenatal or early developmental exposures are associated with increased risk. Poor parenting, income level, and screen use alone do not explain the development of ADHD. Is Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Genetic? ADHD affects 1 to 3% of children globally. While this percentage may seem small, it represents millions of children when considered within the context of a global population of nearly 8 billion. This widespread impact underscores the importance of continued research into the causes and contributing factors of ADHD⁠[1]. Research shows that ADHD often runs in families, with twin studies suggesting heritability rates of between 60% and 90%. Therefore, if a parent or another close relative has ADHD, a child is more likely to inherit it as well. Many researchers believe that this link is due to a specific gene that affects how the brain develops and functions, particularly in areas related to attention, impulse control, and emotion regulation⁠[2]. Subject matter expert Holly Schiff Psy.D. Child, adolescent, and young adult psychology Environmental and Developmental Influences on Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) While genetics significantly contributes to the development of ADHD, environmental and developmental factors also play a crucial role. These influences, particularly during pregnancy and early childhood, can affect brain development in ways that increase the risk of ADHD, especially when combined with genetic predispositions⁠[3]. Prenatal Factors Several conditions during pregnancy are associated with increased ADHD risk: Exposure to toxins such as lead, pesticides, and air pollutants can interfere with fetal brain development, particularly in areas involved in attention and impulse control⁠[3]. Substance use, including smoking, alcohol, or drugs during pregnancy, has been linked to neurodevelopmental disruptions. High maternal stress may affect fetal neurochemistry, contributing to later behavioral and cognitive challenges. Poor prenatal nutrition, especially deficiencies in omega-3 fatty acids and folic acid, may impair healthy brain development. Birth complications, including premature delivery or low birth weight, can lead to structural and functional brain changes that increase susceptibility to ADHD. Early Childhood Factors The early years of life are critical for brain development, and negative experiences during this time can impact cognitive and behavioral functioning⁠[3]: Emotional or physical trauma, including neglect and abuse, can alter brain structure and affect attention and self-regulation. Chronic stress in the home environment may disrupt the development of neural pathways essential for executive functioning. Ongoing exposure to toxins, such as secondhand smoke or polluted air, can impair attention and impulse control. Infections and head injuries during early childhood have also been associated with ADHD-like symptoms. Additional Considerations Other factors that may elevate ADHD risk include: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), particularly in areas of the brain associated with executive function. Advanced maternal age has been linked in some studies to a modest increase in ADHD risk, though the mechanisms remain unclear. ADHD rarely stems from a single cause. Instead, it reflects a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and developmental influences. Understanding these connections can guide early intervention, reduce risk, and support more personalized care strategies. The Neurobiological Causes of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) While genetics and environmental factors, especially during formative years, contribute to the development of ADHD, many researchers have found that the brain chemical dopamine also plays a role in ADHD. Dopamine is that all-important chemical that helps us stay focused and motivated. For people with ADHD, however, the brain often doesn't produce or use dopamine as well as it should⁠[4]. ADHD is thought to involve a combination of factors, with genes playing an important role. Researchers also study differences in brain development and neurobiology. These group-level findings do not mean that every person with ADHD has the same brain structure or pattern of activity⁠[5]. These structural differences in the brain help explain why people with ADHD struggle to stay organized and on track with tasks. However, it's essential to recognize that ADHD does not reflect a deficiency; it simply represents a different way the brain functions for some individuals. How Diet and Nutrition Affect Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) In addition to genetic, environmental, and neurobiological influences, diet and nutrition may also play a role in the development of ADHD. Researchers have found that children with ADHD tend to have lower levels of specific vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids in their bodies compared to children without ADHD⁠[3]. The most essential vitamins and minerals are: Omega-3s: Crucial for healthy brain development and communication between brain cells. Iron: Needed to produce dopamine and other neurotransmitters that regulate energy and attention levels. Zinc: Helps regulate the production of dopamine and norepinephrine, which are involved in attention, focus, and impulse control. Vitamin D: Helps regulate the production of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin that help with focus, mood, and behavior control. Diet alone does not cause ADHD, nor can it cure the condition. ADHD is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder influenced by genetics, brain function, and environmental factors. However, nutrition can play a supportive role in managing symptoms. Dietary choices help improve focus, energy levels, and overall brain function. It’s also important to recognize that nutritional needs vary from person to person. While a balanced diet may not replace other forms of treatment, it can be a valuable part of a holistic approach to ADHD care. Prioritizing good nutrition may help individuals better manage their symptoms and support overall well-being. Debunking Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Myths Despite there being a lot of known potential causes of ADHD, whether it's genetic, environmental, or nutritional, there are still many misconceptions surrounding the origins of the disorder. Here are some of the more popular myths surrounding the condition and what causes it: Myth 1: Bad Parenting Causes Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Parenting doesn't cause ADHD. Although some people mistakenly believe that a child's behavior reflects poor discipline or parenting failures, this assumption is inaccurate and harmful. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder rooted in differences in how the brain functions and processes information. Brain structure, neurotransmitter activity, and genetics play a far more significant role in the development of ADHD than parenting style. While supportive and consistent parenting can help manage symptoms, it does not cause or prevent them. Myth 2: Excessive Screen Time Causes Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Excessive screen time may contribute to difficulties with behavior and attention, but it is not a direct cause of ADHD. The condition is rooted in neurodevelopmental differences, including how the brain matures and the function of neurotransmitters. Although managing screen use is vital for overall mental well-being, ADHD develops independently of screen habits, and genetics, brain chemistry, and early developmental factors are primary influences. Myth 3: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Only Affects Lower Socioeconomic Classes ADHD affects individuals from all socioeconomic backgrounds. It is not caused by income level or social status but is linked to how the brain develops and functions. Although people from lower-income households or challenging family situations may face more obstacles in getting diagnosed or treated, these factors do not cause ADHD itself. That said, difficult life circumstances, such as poverty, family stress, or abuse, can add to the challenges children face. These situations are often linked to higher rates of mental health issues, including ADHD. Still, the condition remains a neurological one that can affect anyone, regardless of background⁠[3]. What Influences the Development of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ADHD is a complex neurodevelopmental condition influenced by multiple factors rather than a single cause. Genetics plays a significant role, especially when there is a family history of ADHD. Environmental influences during pregnancy and early childhood, such as exposure to toxins or premature birth, also contribute to the condition's development. Neurological differences, including how the brain processes information and regulates attention, further shape ADHD. Understanding that ADHD arises from this combination of influences is key to offering practical support. Rather than pinpointing one cause, it's more helpful to take a compassionate and individualized approach to care, tailored to each person's unique needs. References Thapar, A., Cooper, M., Jefferies, R., & Stergiakouli, E. (2011). What causes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? Archives of Disease in Childhood, 97(3), 260–265. BMJ. Accessed May 29 2025. Larsson, H., Chang, Z., D’Onofrio, B. M., & Lichtenstein, P. (2013). The heritability of clinically diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Psychological Medicine, 44(10), 2223–2229. Cambridge University Press. Accessed October 10 2026. Thapar, A., Cooper, M., Eyre, O., & Langley, K. (2013). Practitioner review: What have we learnt about the causes of ADHD? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(1), 3–16. Wiley. Accessed October 10 2026. Blum, K., Chen, A. L.-C., Braverman, E. R., Comings, D. E., Chen, T. J. H., et al. (2008). Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 4(5), 893–917. dovepress.com. Accessed May 29 2025. National Institute of Mental Health. (2024). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: What You Need to Know. National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Mental Health. Accessed October 10 2026. Medical Content The Clinical Affairs Team at MentalHealth.com is a dedicated group of medical professionals with diverse and extensive clinical experience. They actively contribute to the development of content, products, and services, and meticulously review all medical material before publication to ensure accuracy and alignment with current research and conversations in mental health. For more information, please visit the Editorial Policy. About MentalHealth.com MentalHealth.com helps people understand themselves, build healthier relationships, and access the right care. We bring together mental health education, diagnostics, and care management to support well-being throughout every phase of life. Author Allan Schwartz, Ph.D. LCSW, Ph.D. Allan Schwartz, LCSW, Ph.D. is a medical writer with more than 30 years of clinical experience as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. He writes on a wide range of mental health topics, including mood and anxiety disorders, eating disorders, trauma, abuse, stress, and relationship challenges. Published May 14, 2025 Updated May 13, 2026 Medical Reviewer Brittany Ferri, Ph.D. OTR/L Brittany Ferri, Ph.D., is a medical reviewer and subject matter expert in behavioral health, pediatrics, and telehealth. Reviewed May 14, 2025 Related community Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Share perspectives on attention, daily routines, and life with ADHD. Table of contentsChoose a section Is Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Genetic? Environmental and Developmental Influences on Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) The Neurobiological Causes of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) How Diet and Nutrition Affect Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Debunking Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Myths What Influences the Development of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) View more","wordCount":1800},"schema":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/#organization","name":"MentalHealth.com","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/","publishingPrinciples":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/publishing/editorial-policy"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/#website","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/","name":"MentalHealth.com","inLanguage":"en-US","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/#organization"}},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/causes-of-adhd#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Library","item":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","item":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/adhd"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"The Causes of ADHD","item":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/causes-of-adhd"}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/causes-of-adhd#primaryimage","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/optimized/f41ba18d59777b24549f5e21.webp","contentUrl":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/optimized/f41ba18d59777b24549f5e21.webp","width":1200,"height":800,"encodingFormat":"image/webp","caption":"A child watches closely as an adult points to colored pencils."},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/allan-schwartz#person","name":"Allan Schwartz, Ph.D.","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/allan-schwartz","jobTitle":"LCSW, Ph.D.","image":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/optimized/3f1145a76c69b3ca318ecb8b.jpg","memberOf":[{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/publishing#department"}]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/brittany-ferri#person","name":"Brittany Ferri, Ph.D.","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/brittany-ferri","jobTitle":"OTR/L","image":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/optimized/034904c3af3d22b95604c8bb.jpg","sameAs":["https://www.linkedin.com/in/brittanyferri/"],"memberOf":[{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/clinical-affairs#department"}]},{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/causes-of-adhd#article","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/causes-of-adhd","headline":"The Causes of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","description":"Discover how genetics, brain development, and environmental factors work together to shape the causes and symptoms of ADHD.","wordCount":1360,"mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/causes-of-adhd#webpage"},"publisher":{"@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/#organization"},"articleSection":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","citation":[{"@type":"CreativeWork","name":"Thapar, A., Cooper, M., Jefferies, R., & Stergiakouli, E. 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