{"formatVersion":"1.1","id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/co-occurring-disorders","path":"/library/co-occurring-disorders","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/co-occurring-disorders","title":"Co-Occurring Disorders","family":"Library detail","description":"Explore co-occurring disorders, their causes, treatment options, and recovery strategies with support for dual diagnosis.","language":"en-US","access":{"audience":"custom-shared-preview","indexable":true},"provenance":{"sourceUrl":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/co-occurring-disorders","wordpressId":"4784","contentCompleteness":"complete","dateScope":"original-source"},"authors":[{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/nikki-seay#person","name":"Nikki Seay","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/nikki-seay"}],"reviewer":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/holly-schiff#person","name":"Holly Schiff, Psy.D.","url":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/holly-schiff"},"dates":{"datePublished":"2025-04-15T10:34:01Z","dateModified":"2026-03-23T10:25:36Z","lastReviewed":"2025-04-15"},"content":{"html":"<nav class=\"breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\"><ol><li><a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/\">Home</a></li><li><a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library\">Library</a></li><li><a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/mental-health-conditions\">Mental Health Conditions</a></li><li><span aria-current=\"page\">Co-Occurring Disorders</span></li></ol></nav><div class=\"article-page article-standard\" data-library-standard><div class=\"article-main-grid\"><header class=\"article-heading\"><h1>Co-Occurring Disorders</h1><p class=\"article-inline-credits\"><span>Written by <a class=\"article-credit-person\" href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/nikki-seay\"><img src=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/wordpress/11517.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" loading=\"lazy\">Nikki Seay</a></span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class=\"article-credit-person\" href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/holly-schiff\"><img src=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/wordpress/11503.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" loading=\"lazy\">Holly Schiff, Psy.D.</a></span></p><div class=\"article-dates\"><span>Published on <time datetime=\"2025-04-15T10:34:01Z\">April 15, 2025</time></span><span aria-hidden=\"true\"> · </span><span>Updated on <time datetime=\"2026-03-23T10:25:36Z\">March 23, 2026</time></span></div></header><div class=\"article-jumpbar\"></div><div class=\"article-layout\"><div class=\"article-reading\"><article class=\"prose\" id=\"article-content\"><div class=\"article-intro\" data-source-field=\"hero\"><p>Co-occurring disorders is a term that refers to the presence of both a mental health issue and a substance use disorder (SUD). Each condition presents its challenges, but co-occurring disorders tend to interact with one another, causing unpredictable fluctuations in severity and dangerous symptom exacerbation.</p><p>Understanding the underlying genetic risks, contributing environmental factors, disorder patterns, and standard treatment approaches makes navigating the recovery process more effective.</p></div><figure class=\"article-feature\"><img src=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/library/editorial-14503.webp\" alt=\"A woman listens carefully to another person during a conversation.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"></figure><section class=\"article-takeaways\" aria-labelledby=\"key-takeaways\"><h2 id=\"key-takeaways\">Key takeaways</h2><ul><li>Co-occurring disorders involve both a substance use disorder and a mental health condition whose symptoms may reinforce one another.</li><li>Shared genetic and environmental risks, self-medication, and substance-related brain changes may contribute to their overlap.</li><li>Integrated treatment addresses both conditions through appropriate medication, behavioral therapies, and ongoing support.</li></ul></section><h2 id=\"what-are-co-occurring-disorders\">What Are Co-Occurring Disorders?</h2><p>Co-occurring disorders, often referred to as dual diagnosis, can include any combination of two or more SUDs and mental disorders identified in the <a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/dsm-5\" class=\"article-inline-link\">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5-TR)</a>. According to research, about half of all individuals who experience a mental illness throughout life will also experience a substance use disorder <a href=\"#substance-use-co-occurring-mental-disorders\" aria-label=\"Reference 1\" class=\"article-inline-link article-citation\"><sup>[1]</sup></a>. </p><p>Additionally, adolescents with <a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/substance-use-disorders\" class=\"article-inline-link\">substance use disorders</a> tend to experience high rates of co-occurring mental illness, with over 60 percent meeting the diagnostic criteria for a coexisting mental illness <a href=\"#common-comorbidities-substance-use-disorders-research-report\" aria-label=\"Reference 2\" class=\"article-inline-link article-citation\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>.</p><p>Although mental disorders and SUDs commonly occur together, that does not mean one is responsible for causing the other. Even when obvious symptoms of one condition develop before the other, it can be nearly impossible to determine which one developed first.</p><h3 id=\"key-characteristics-of-co-occurring-disorders\">Key Characteristics of Co-Occurring Disorders:</h3><ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Symptoms of <a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/mental-health\" class=\"article-inline-link\">mental health</a> and substance abuse disorders tend to overlap and exacerbate one another.</li>\n<li>Individuals often abuse substances as a form of self-medication when seeking to relieve symptoms of mental health disorders.</li>\n<li>Diagnosing co-occurring disorders requires careful assessment by experienced mental health professionals.</li>\n<li>Successful treatment plans must address both conditions simultaneously to achieve lasting recovery.</li>\n</ul><span id=\"why-do-mental-health-and-substance-use-disorders-commonly-occur-together\" class=\"section-anchor-alias\" data-section-alias=\"why-mental-health-and-substance-use-issues-co-occur\" aria-hidden=\"true\"></span><h2 id=\"why-mental-health-and-substance-use-issues-co-occur\">Why Do Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders Commonly Occur Together?</h2><p>Mental illness and substance use disorders are closely tied. Experts have identified the following possible reasons for the high prevalence of co-occurring disorders <a href=\"#co-occurring-psychotic-addictive-disorders\" aria-label=\"Reference 3\" class=\"article-inline-link article-citation\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>:</p><ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>There are several common risk factors associated with both mental health disorders and SUDs. These include genetics, <a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/stress\" class=\"article-inline-link\">chronic stress</a>, and instances of <a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/what-is-trauma\" class=\"article-inline-link\">trauma (especially childhood trauma)</a>.</li>\n<li>Veterans diagnosed with <a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/ptsd\" class=\"article-inline-link\">post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)</a> are at a higher risk for SUDs.</li>\n<li>Mental disorders tend to contribute to drug use and SUDs. For example, individuals diagnosed with mental disorders often abuse drugs or alcohol in search of temporary relief (known as self-medication). Certain drugs are known to exacerbate or increase the risk of developing mental health disorders. For example, <a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/can-ecstasy-cause-depression\" class=\"article-inline-link\">MDMA misuse is linked to depression</a>.  </li>\n<li>Mental disorders can cause changes to the brain that increase the chances of developing SUDs. Additionally, substance abuse is also known to cause brain changes that increase the likelihood of developing mental disorders.</li>\n</ul><h2 id=\"what-are-the-causes-of-co-occurring-disorders\">What Are the Causes of Co-Occurring Disorders?</h2><p>The cause of co-occurring disorders is complex and often influenced by multiple factors. Mental health and substance use disorders often develop due to similar underlying mechanisms, which lead to a high likelihood of co-occurrence <a href=\"#co-occurring-disorders-health-conditions-national-institute-drug-abuse\" aria-label=\"Reference 4\" class=\"article-inline-link article-citation\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>.</p><p>Contributing factors include:</p><ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Genetics</strong>: A family history of addiction or mental illness increases the risk.</li>\n<li><strong>Brain Chemistry</strong>: Neurotransmitter imbalances can contribute to both mental health disorders and substance dependency.</li>\n<li><strong>Environmental Stressors</strong>: Trauma, abuse, and chronic stress can trigger or worsen symptoms.</li>\n<li><strong>Early Substance Use</strong>: Individuals using drugs or alcohol at a young age can alter brain development, increasing vulnerability to<a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/psychological-causes-of-addiction\" class=\"article-inline-link\"> addiction, depression, anxiety, and compulsive disorders</a>.</li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/social-determinants\" class=\"article-inline-link\">Social Determinants</a></strong>: These include co-occurring issues like mental health conditions and broader societal conditions such as poverty, trauma, and racism. Understanding these factors can help professionals tailor treatment approaches to the needs of individuals with co-occurring disorders.</li>\n</ul><h2 id=\"common-examples-of-co-occurring-disorders\">Common Examples of Co-Occurring Disorders</h2><p>There are many types of dual diagnosis conditions, with some of the most common combinations being <a href=\"#co-occurring-disorders-health-conditions-national-institute-drug-abuse\" aria-label=\"Reference 4\" class=\"article-inline-link article-citation\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>:</p><ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Depression and Alcohol Use Disorder</strong>: Individuals may drink to numb emotional pain, leading to a cycle of worsening symptoms.</li>\n<li><strong>Anxiety Disorders and Stimulant Use</strong>: Cocaine or methamphetamine use may temporarily alleviate anxiety but increase panic attacks and paranoia.</li>\n<li><strong>Bipolar Disorder and Opioid Addiction</strong>: Mood swings can lead to self-medication with opioids, worsening the disorder.</li>\n<li><strong>Schizophrenia and Cannabis Use Disorder</strong>: Some individuals use cannabis to manage symptoms, but it can exacerbate psychotic episodes.</li>\n<li><strong>Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Alcohol Dependence</strong>: Many people with PTSD turn to alcohol to suppress traumatic memories, leading to addiction.</li>\n</ul><h2 id=\"co-occurring-disorders-and-youth\">Co-Occurring Disorders and Youth</h2><p>Young individuals diagnosed with mental health conditions are extremely vulnerable to alcohol and drug use. They tend to experiment with illicit substances for a variety of reasons, including peer pressure, curiosity, the desire to assert some form of independence, or seeking a vehicle to escape life’s stresses <a href=\"#principles-care-young-adults-co-occurring-psychiatric-substance-use\" aria-label=\"Reference 5\" class=\"article-inline-link article-citation\"><sup>[5]</sup></a>. For adolescents experiencing<a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/mental-health-behavioral-addiction-dual-diagnosis\" class=\"article-inline-link\"> signs and symptoms of a dual diagnosis</a>, substance use is often seen as an instant form of escape, making this particular age group (ages 11-18) more susceptible to developing unhealthy coping habits.</p><p>Many young people don’t yet fully understand their feelings of sadness or distress, making it difficult to recognize the <a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/depression\" class=\"article-inline-link\">typical red flags of depression</a>. In an attempt to numb emotional pain, they may turn to alcohol or drugs, unaware that these substances can deepen their depression over time.</p><p>Alcohol, like any drug, carries significant risks and can lead to harmful consequences. Marijuana and other substances may seem harmless, but they can be addictive and impact brain development. Even casual use of substances like inhalants, steroids, or “club” drugs can cause lasting damage to cognitive function and overall health for young individuals.</p><h2 id=\"how-are-co-occurring-disorders-diagnosed-and-treated\">How Are Co-Occurring Disorders Diagnosed and Treated?</h2><p>When experiencing a substance use disorder and a co-occurring <a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/mental-health-conditions\" class=\"article-inline-link\">mental health condition</a>, an integrated treatment approach is typically the most effective <a href=\"#www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov\" aria-label=\"Reference 6\" class=\"article-inline-link article-citation\"><sup>[6]</sup></a>. Rather than addressing each disorder separately, simultaneous treatment ensures that underlying causes and overlapping symptoms are properly managed. Because symptoms of substance use and mental health disorders often mimic one another, healthcare providers must conduct thorough assessments to ensure an accurate diagnosis and a personalized treatment plan.</p><p>A tailored approach to treatment is essential, considering factors like the individual’s age, specific substance(s) being misused, and the nature of the co-occurring mental health condition. </p><h3 id=\"medications-for-co-occurring-disorders\"><strong>Medications for Co-Occurring Disorders</strong></h3><p>Pharmacological treatments play a crucial role in managing both substance use and mental health conditions <a href=\"#www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov\" aria-label=\"Reference 6\" class=\"article-inline-link article-citation\"><sup>[6]</sup></a>. Certain medications are approved for the treatment of opioid, alcohol, and nicotine addiction, while others alleviate symptoms of psychiatric disorders like <a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/depression\" class=\"article-inline-link\">depression</a>, <a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/anxiety\" class=\"article-inline-link\">anxiety</a>, and others. In some cases, a single medication may effectively treat multiple conditions simultaneously.</p><p>Effective treatment strategies often combine behavioral therapies with appropriate medications. Long-term recovery is possible with the right treatments and support systems in place.</p><h2 id=\"behavioral-therapies-for-co-occurring-disorders\">Behavioral Therapies for Co-Occurring Disorders</h2><p>Extensive research supports using various behavioral therapies when treating individuals with dual diagnosis conditions <a href=\"#cognitive-behavioral-therapy-substance-use-disorders\" aria-label=\"Reference 7\" class=\"article-inline-link article-citation\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>. These therapies can be implemented alone or with medication, depending on the individual's needs.</p><ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/cognitive-behavioral-therapy\" class=\"article-inline-link\">Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)</a></strong>: This structured form of psychotherapy helps individuals recognize and modify negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to substance use and mental distress.</li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/dialectical-behavior-therapy\" class=\"article-inline-link\">Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)</a></strong>: Using mindfulness and emotional regulation techniques, Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) teaches individuals to manage intense emotions, reduce harmful behaviors, and improve interpersonal relationships.</li>\n<li><strong>Assertive Community Treatment (ACT)</strong>: A community-based approach that provides continuous, personalized mental health support to individuals with severe and persistent conditions.</li>\n<li><strong>Therapeutic Communities (TCs)</strong>: These long-term residential programs foster personal growth, positive behavioral changes, and a supportive recovery environment.</li>\n<li><strong>Contingency Management (CM)</strong>: A motivational approach that reinforces positive behaviors through reward-based incentives.</li>\n</ul><h3 id=\"behavioral-therapies-for-children-and-adolescents\">Behavioral Therapies for Children and Adolescents</h3><p>For young individuals struggling with both substance use and mental health disorders, family-based interventions have shown significant success <a href=\"#family-based-treatments-adolescent-substance-use\" aria-label=\"Reference 8\" class=\"article-inline-link article-citation\"><sup>[8]</sup></a>.</p><ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT)</strong>: Focuses on reshaping family dynamics that contribute to adolescent substance use and behavioral issues.</li>\n<li><strong>Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT)</strong>: A comprehensive approach that addresses substance use, academic difficulties, delinquency, and other co-occurring challenges within a family setting.</li>\n<li><strong>Multisystemic Therapy (MST)</strong>: Targets multiple factors influencing antisocial behavior in youth, providing interventions that address family, school, and community environments.</li>\n</ul><h2 id=\"finding-support-groups-for-co-occurring-disorders\">Finding Support Groups for Co-Occurring Disorders</h2><p>Support groups play a crucial role in the recovery journey by providing a safe space for individuals to share experiences, receive encouragement, and learn from others facing similar challenges <a href=\"#benefits-peer-support-groups-treatment-addiction\" aria-label=\"Reference 9\" class=\"article-inline-link article-citation\"><sup>[9]</sup></a>.</p><p>Popular support groups include the following:</p><ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dual Recovery Anonymous (DRA)</strong>: A 12-step program specifically for individuals with co-occurring disorders.</li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https://www.aa.org?utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=libra&amp;utm_content=external_resource&amp;utm_id=site-library-co-occurring-disorders&amp;utm_source=mentalhealth.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" class=\"article-inline-link\">Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)</a> &amp; <a href=\"https://na.org?utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=libra&amp;utm_content=external_resource&amp;utm_id=site-library-co-occurring-disorders&amp;utm_source=mentalhealth.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" class=\"article-inline-link\">Narcotics Anonymous (NA)</a></strong>: While not dual diagnosis-specific, these programs offer valuable peer support.</li>\n<li><strong>National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Groups</strong>: Provides education and support for individuals and families.</li>\n<li><strong>Local Mental Health Organizations</strong>: Many communities offer in-person or virtual support groups.</li>\n</ul><p>Finding the right group can make a significant difference in maintaining recovery and mental wellness.</p><h2 id=\"embracing-hope-and-healing-for-co-occurring-disorders\">Embracing Hope and Healing for Co-Occurring Disorders</h2><p>Living with a co-occurring disorder presents significant challenges, but the right treatment and support make recovery possible. Accurately diagnosing both a mental health disorder and a substance use disorder marks the first critical step toward lasting success. Too often, one of these conditions goes unrecognized because <a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/addiction\" class=\"article-inline-link\">mental health issues and addiction</a> share similar biological, psychological, and social factors.</p><p>Raising public awareness about co-occurring disorders and their unique treatment needs is essential. When people understand the importance of dual diagnosis and integrated care, they can make informed decisions that dramatically improve their quality of life. </p><p><a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people\" class=\"article-inline-link\">Mental health professionals</a> play a key role in this process, offering expert guidance that helps individuals heal, grow, and reclaim their lives. With the right care, support, and determination, a fulfilling and empowered life is absolutely within reach.</p></article><div class=\"article-endmatter\"><section class=\"article-sources\" id=\"references\" data-source-references=\"\" data-reference-list=\"\" data-reference-style=\"author-date-numbered\"><h2 id=\"references-2\">References</h2><ol>\n    <li id=\"substance-use-co-occurring-mental-disorders\" aria-level=\"1\" data-reference-number=\"1\"><span>National Institute of Mental Health. (2024). Substance Use and Co-occurring Mental Disorders. National Institute of Mental Health. </span> <a href=\"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/substance-use-and-mental-health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">National Institute of Mental Health</a><span> Accessed April 10, 2025.</span></li>\n    <li id=\"common-comorbidities-substance-use-disorders-research-report\" aria-level=\"1\" data-reference-number=\"2\"><span>‌Bethesda. (2020). Common Comorbidities with Substance Use Disorders Research Report. In PubMed. National Institute on Drug Abuse (US). </span> <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571451/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">National Library of Medicine</a><span> Accessed April 10, 2025.</span></li>\n    <li id=\"co-occurring-psychotic-addictive-disorders\" aria-level=\"1\" data-reference-number=\"3\"><span>Ross, S., &amp; Peselow, E. (2012). Co-Occurring Psychotic and Addictive Disorders. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 35(5), 235–243. </span> <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0b013e318261e193\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Co-Occurring Psychotic and Addictive Disorders</a><span> Accessed April 10, 2025.</span></li>\n    <li id=\"co-occurring-disorders-health-conditions-national-institute-drug-abuse\" aria-level=\"1\" data-reference-number=\"4\"><span>National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2024). Co-Occurring Disorders and Health Conditions | National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse. </span> <a href=\"https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/co-occurring-disorders-health-conditions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a><span> Accessed April 10, 2025.</span></li>\n    <li id=\"principles-care-young-adults-co-occurring-psychiatric-substance-use\" aria-level=\"1\" data-reference-number=\"5\"><span>‌Spencer, A. E., Valentine, S. E., Sikov, J., Yule, A. M., Hsu, H., Hallett, E., Xuan, Z., Silverstein, M., &amp; Fortuna, L. (2021). Principles of Care for Young Adults With Co-Occurring Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Pediatrics, 147(Supplement 2), 229–239. </span> <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-023523f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Principles of Care for Young Adults With Co-Occurring Psychiatric and Substance Use…</a> Accessed April 10, 2025.</li>\n    <li id=\"www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov\" aria-level=\"1\" data-reference-number=\"6\"><span>‌Chapter 7—Treatment Models and Settings for People With Co-Occurring Disorders. (2020). In www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). </span> <a href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571024/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">National Library of Medicine</a><span> Accessed April 10, 2025.</span></li>\n    <li id=\"cognitive-behavioral-therapy-substance-use-disorders\" aria-level=\"1\" data-reference-number=\"7\">‌McHugh, R. K., Hearon, B. A., &amp; Otto, M. W. (2010). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33(3), 511–525. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.012\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders</a> Accessed April 10, 2025.</li>\n    <li id=\"family-based-treatments-adolescent-substance-use\" aria-level=\"1\" data-reference-number=\"8\"><span>‌Horigian, V. E., Anderson, A. R., &amp; Szapocznik, J. (2019). Family-Based Treatments for Adolescent Substance Use. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25(4), 603–628. </span> <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2016.06.001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Family-Based Treatments for Adolescent Substance Use</a><span> Accessed April 10, 2025.</span></li>\n    <li id=\"benefits-peer-support-groups-treatment-addiction\" aria-level=\"1\" data-reference-number=\"9\">‌Tracy, K., &amp; Wallace, S. P. (2016). Benefits of peer support groups in the treatment of addiction. <i>Substance abuse and rehabilitation</i>, <i>7</i>, 143–154. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S81535\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Benefits of peer support groups in the treatment of addiction</a> Accessed April 10, 2025.</li>\n</ol></section><section class=\"article-medical article-panel\"><h2 id=\"medical-content\">Medical Content</h2><p><a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/clinical-affairs\">The Clinical Affairs Team</a> at MentalHealth.com is a dedicated group of medical professionals with diverse and extensive clinical experience. They actively contribute to the development of content, products, and services, and meticulously review all medical material before publication to ensure accuracy and alignment with current research and conversations in mental health. For more information, please visit the <a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/publishing/editorial-policy\">Editorial Policy</a>.</p></section><section class=\"article-about article-panel\"><h2 id=\"about-mentalhealth-com\">About MentalHealth.com</h2><p>MentalHealth.com helps people understand themselves, build healthier relationships, and access the right care. We bring together mental health education, diagnostics, and care management to support well-being throughout every phase of life.</p><div class=\"article-contributors\"><section class=\"article-bio\"><img src=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/wordpress/11517.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"64\" height=\"64\" loading=\"lazy\"><div><p class=\"article-bio-role\">Author</p><h3 id=\"nikki-seay\"><a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/nikki-seay\">Nikki Seay</a></h3><p class=\"article-bio-credentials\">Writer</p><p>Nikki Seay is a professional writer with over a decade of experience in digital health and clinical healthcare. </p><dl><div><dt>Published</dt><dd><time datetime=\"2025-04-15T10:34:01Z\">April 15, 2025</time></dd></div><div><dt>Updated</dt><dd><time datetime=\"2026-03-23T10:25:36Z\">March 23, 2026</time></dd></div></dl></div></section><section class=\"article-bio\"><img src=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/wordpress/11503.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"64\" height=\"64\" loading=\"lazy\"><div><p class=\"article-bio-role\">Medical Reviewer</p><h3 id=\"holly-schiff-psy-d\"><a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/holly-schiff\">Holly Schiff, Psy.D.</a></h3><p class=\"article-bio-credentials\">Psy.D.</p><p>Holly Schiff, Psy.D., is a licensed clinical psychologist specializing in the treatment of children, young adults, and their families.</p><dl><div><dt>Reviewed</dt><dd><time datetime=\"2025-04-15\">April 15, 2025</time></dd></div></dl></div></section></div></section><section class=\"article-expert article-expert-mobile\" aria-label=\"Subject matter expert\" data-expert-kind=\"related\"><p class=\"article-bio-role\">Subject matter expert</p><div class=\"article-expert-identity\"><img src=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/wordpress/13152.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"64\" height=\"64\" loading=\"lazy\"><h2><a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/carlos-protzel\">Carlos Protzel <span class=\"expert-credentials\">Psy.D.</span></a></h2></div><p class=\"article-expert-focus\">Integrative mental health care</p><a class=\"profile-experience-link experience-button\" href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/carlos-protzel\">View experience</a></section><section class=\"article-topic-community article-topic-community-mobile\" aria-label=\"Related communities\"><img class=\"topic-community-banner\" src=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/library/editorial-13688.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"48\" height=\"48\" loading=\"lazy\"><p class=\"topic-community-label\">Related communities</p><h2>Assessments &amp; Diagnosis</h2><p>Explore questions about mental health assessments, diagnostic language, and the evaluation process.</p><a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/community/assessments-diagnosis\">Explore community</a></section></div></div><aside class=\"article-sidebar\" tabindex=\"0\" data-bounded-rail=\"\" aria-label=\"Article navigation and related information\"><details class=\"article-contents\" open data-section-preview=\"3\" data-expanded=\"false\" data-scrolled-past=\"false\"><summary><strong>Table of contents</strong><span aria-hidden=\"true\"></span><small data-current-section=\"\">Choose a section</small></summary><nav aria-label=\"Article contents\"><ol id=\"article-section-list\"><li><a href=\"#what-are-co-occurring-disorders\" title=\"What Are Co-Occurring Disorders?\" aria-label=\"What Are Co-Occurring Disorders?\">What Are Co-Occurring Disorders?</a></li><li><a href=\"#why-mental-health-and-substance-use-issues-co-occur\" title=\"Why Do Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders Commonly Occur Together?\" aria-label=\"Why mental health and substance use issues co-occur\">Why mental health and substance use issues co-occur</a></li><li><a href=\"#what-are-the-causes-of-co-occurring-disorders\" title=\"What Are the Causes of Co-Occurring Disorders?\" aria-label=\"What Are the Causes of Co-Occurring Disorders?\">What Are the Causes of Co-Occurring Disorders?</a></li><li><a href=\"#common-examples-of-co-occurring-disorders\" title=\"Common Examples of Co-Occurring Disorders\" aria-label=\"Common Examples of Co-Occurring Disorders\">Common Examples of Co-Occurring Disorders</a></li><li><a href=\"#co-occurring-disorders-and-youth\" title=\"Co-Occurring Disorders and Youth\" aria-label=\"Co-Occurring Disorders and Youth\">Co-Occurring Disorders and Youth</a></li><li><a href=\"#how-are-co-occurring-disorders-diagnosed-and-treated\" title=\"How Are Co-Occurring Disorders Diagnosed and Treated?\" aria-label=\"How Are Co-Occurring Disorders Diagnosed and Treated?\">How Are Co-Occurring Disorders Diagnosed and Treated?</a></li><li><a href=\"#behavioral-therapies-for-co-occurring-disorders\" title=\"Behavioral Therapies for Co-Occurring Disorders\" aria-label=\"Behavioral Therapies for Co-Occurring Disorders\">Behavioral Therapies for Co-Occurring Disorders</a></li><li><a href=\"#finding-support-groups-for-co-occurring-disorders\" title=\"Finding Support Groups for Co-Occurring Disorders\" aria-label=\"Finding Support Groups for Co-Occurring Disorders\">Finding Support Groups for Co-Occurring Disorders</a></li><li><a href=\"#embracing-hope-and-healing-for-co-occurring-disorders\" title=\"Embracing Hope and Healing for Co-Occurring Disorders\" aria-label=\"Embracing Hope and Healing for Co-Occurring Disorders\">Embracing Hope and Healing for Co-Occurring Disorders</a></li></ol><button type=\"button\" class=\"article-sections-toggle\" data-sections-toggle aria-controls=\"article-section-list\" aria-expanded=\"false\">View more</button></nav></details><section class=\"article-expert\" aria-label=\"Subject matter expert\" data-expert-kind=\"related\"><p class=\"article-bio-role\">Subject matter expert</p><div class=\"article-expert-identity\"><img src=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/wordpress/13152.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"64\" height=\"64\" loading=\"lazy\"><h2><a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/carlos-protzel\">Carlos Protzel <span class=\"expert-credentials\">Psy.D.</span></a></h2></div><p class=\"article-expert-focus\">Integrative mental health care</p><a class=\"profile-experience-link experience-button\" href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/people/carlos-protzel\">View experience</a></section><section class=\"article-topic-community\" aria-label=\"Related communities\"><img class=\"topic-community-banner\" src=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/assets/library/editorial-13688.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"48\" height=\"48\" loading=\"lazy\"><p class=\"topic-community-label\">Related communities</p><h2>Assessments &amp; Diagnosis</h2><p>Explore questions about mental health assessments, diagnostic language, and the evaluation process.</p><a href=\"https://www.mentalhealth.com/community/assessments-diagnosis\">Explore community</a></section></aside></div></div></div>","text":"HomeLibraryMental Health ConditionsCo-Occurring DisordersCo-Occurring DisordersWritten by Nikki SeayMedically reviewed by Holly Schiff, Psy.D.Published on April 15, 2025 · Updated on March 23, 2026Co-occurring disorders is a term that refers to the presence of both a mental health issue and a substance use disorder (SUD). Each condition presents its challenges, but co-occurring disorders tend to interact with one another, causing unpredictable fluctuations in severity and dangerous symptom exacerbation.Understanding the underlying genetic risks, contributing environmental factors, disorder patterns, and standard treatment approaches makes navigating the recovery process more effective.Key takeawaysCo-occurring disorders involve both a substance use disorder and a mental health condition whose symptoms may reinforce one another.Shared genetic and environmental risks, self-medication, and substance-related brain changes may contribute to their overlap.Integrated treatment addresses both conditions through appropriate medication, behavioral therapies, and ongoing support.What Are Co-Occurring Disorders?Co-occurring disorders, often referred to as dual diagnosis, can include any combination of two or more SUDs and mental disorders identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5-TR). According to research, about half of all individuals who experience a mental illness throughout life will also experience a substance use disorder [1]. Additionally, adolescents with substance use disorders tend to experience high rates of co-occurring mental illness, with over 60 percent meeting the diagnostic criteria for a coexisting mental illness [2].Although mental disorders and SUDs commonly occur together, that does not mean one is responsible for causing the other. Even when obvious symptoms of one condition develop before the other, it can be nearly impossible to determine which one developed first.Key Characteristics of Co-Occurring Disorders: Symptoms of mental health and substance abuse disorders tend to overlap and exacerbate one another. Individuals often abuse substances as a form of self-medication when seeking to relieve symptoms of mental health disorders. Diagnosing co-occurring disorders requires careful assessment by experienced mental health professionals. Successful treatment plans must address both conditions simultaneously to achieve lasting recovery. Why Do Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders Commonly Occur Together?Mental illness and substance use disorders are closely tied. Experts have identified the following possible reasons for the high prevalence of co-occurring disorders [3]: There are several common risk factors associated with both mental health disorders and SUDs. These include genetics, chronic stress, and instances of trauma (especially childhood trauma). Veterans diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at a higher risk for SUDs. Mental disorders tend to contribute to drug use and SUDs. For example, individuals diagnosed with mental disorders often abuse drugs or alcohol in search of temporary relief (known as self-medication). Certain drugs are known to exacerbate or increase the risk of developing mental health disorders. For example, MDMA misuse is linked to depression. Mental disorders can cause changes to the brain that increase the chances of developing SUDs. Additionally, substance abuse is also known to cause brain changes that increase the likelihood of developing mental disorders. What Are the Causes of Co-Occurring Disorders?The cause of co-occurring disorders is complex and often influenced by multiple factors. Mental health and substance use disorders often develop due to similar underlying mechanisms, which lead to a high likelihood of co-occurrence [4].Contributing factors include: Genetics: A family history of addiction or mental illness increases the risk. Brain Chemistry: Neurotransmitter imbalances can contribute to both mental health disorders and substance dependency. Environmental Stressors: Trauma, abuse, and chronic stress can trigger or worsen symptoms. Early Substance Use: Individuals using drugs or alcohol at a young age can alter brain development, increasing vulnerability to addiction, depression, anxiety, and compulsive disorders. Social Determinants: These include co-occurring issues like mental health conditions and broader societal conditions such as poverty, trauma, and racism. Understanding these factors can help professionals tailor treatment approaches to the needs of individuals with co-occurring disorders. Common Examples of Co-Occurring DisordersThere are many types of dual diagnosis conditions, with some of the most common combinations being [4]: Depression and Alcohol Use Disorder: Individuals may drink to numb emotional pain, leading to a cycle of worsening symptoms. Anxiety Disorders and Stimulant Use: Cocaine or methamphetamine use may temporarily alleviate anxiety but increase panic attacks and paranoia. Bipolar Disorder and Opioid Addiction: Mood swings can lead to self-medication with opioids, worsening the disorder. Schizophrenia and Cannabis Use Disorder: Some individuals use cannabis to manage symptoms, but it can exacerbate psychotic episodes. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Alcohol Dependence: Many people with PTSD turn to alcohol to suppress traumatic memories, leading to addiction. Co-Occurring Disorders and YouthYoung individuals diagnosed with mental health conditions are extremely vulnerable to alcohol and drug use. They tend to experiment with illicit substances for a variety of reasons, including peer pressure, curiosity, the desire to assert some form of independence, or seeking a vehicle to escape life’s stresses [5]. For adolescents experiencing signs and symptoms of a dual diagnosis, substance use is often seen as an instant form of escape, making this particular age group (ages 11-18) more susceptible to developing unhealthy coping habits.Many young people don’t yet fully understand their feelings of sadness or distress, making it difficult to recognize the typical red flags of depression. In an attempt to numb emotional pain, they may turn to alcohol or drugs, unaware that these substances can deepen their depression over time.Alcohol, like any drug, carries significant risks and can lead to harmful consequences. Marijuana and other substances may seem harmless, but they can be addictive and impact brain development. Even casual use of substances like inhalants, steroids, or “club” drugs can cause lasting damage to cognitive function and overall health for young individuals.How Are Co-Occurring Disorders Diagnosed and Treated?When experiencing a substance use disorder and a co-occurring mental health condition, an integrated treatment approach is typically the most effective [6]. Rather than addressing each disorder separately, simultaneous treatment ensures that underlying causes and overlapping symptoms are properly managed. Because symptoms of substance use and mental health disorders often mimic one another, healthcare providers must conduct thorough assessments to ensure an accurate diagnosis and a personalized treatment plan.A tailored approach to treatment is essential, considering factors like the individual’s age, specific substance(s) being misused, and the nature of the co-occurring mental health condition. Medications for Co-Occurring DisordersPharmacological treatments play a crucial role in managing both substance use and mental health conditions [6]. Certain medications are approved for the treatment of opioid, alcohol, and nicotine addiction, while others alleviate symptoms of psychiatric disorders like depression, anxiety, and others. In some cases, a single medication may effectively treat multiple conditions simultaneously.Effective treatment strategies often combine behavioral therapies with appropriate medications. Long-term recovery is possible with the right treatments and support systems in place.Behavioral Therapies for Co-Occurring DisordersExtensive research supports using various behavioral therapies when treating individuals with dual diagnosis conditions [7]. These therapies can be implemented alone or with medication, depending on the individual's needs. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): This structured form of psychotherapy helps individuals recognize and modify negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to substance use and mental distress. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT): Using mindfulness and emotional regulation techniques, Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) teaches individuals to manage intense emotions, reduce harmful behaviors, and improve interpersonal relationships. Assertive Community Treatment (ACT): A community-based approach that provides continuous, personalized mental health support to individuals with severe and persistent conditions. Therapeutic Communities (TCs): These long-term residential programs foster personal growth, positive behavioral changes, and a supportive recovery environment. Contingency Management (CM): A motivational approach that reinforces positive behaviors through reward-based incentives. Behavioral Therapies for Children and AdolescentsFor young individuals struggling with both substance use and mental health disorders, family-based interventions have shown significant success [8]. Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT): Focuses on reshaping family dynamics that contribute to adolescent substance use and behavioral issues. Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT): A comprehensive approach that addresses substance use, academic difficulties, delinquency, and other co-occurring challenges within a family setting. Multisystemic Therapy (MST): Targets multiple factors influencing antisocial behavior in youth, providing interventions that address family, school, and community environments. Finding Support Groups for Co-Occurring DisordersSupport groups play a crucial role in the recovery journey by providing a safe space for individuals to share experiences, receive encouragement, and learn from others facing similar challenges [9].Popular support groups include the following: Dual Recovery Anonymous (DRA): A 12-step program specifically for individuals with co-occurring disorders. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) & Narcotics Anonymous (NA): While not dual diagnosis-specific, these programs offer valuable peer support. National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) Groups: Provides education and support for individuals and families. Local Mental Health Organizations: Many communities offer in-person or virtual support groups. Finding the right group can make a significant difference in maintaining recovery and mental wellness.Embracing Hope and Healing for Co-Occurring DisordersLiving with a co-occurring disorder presents significant challenges, but the right treatment and support make recovery possible. Accurately diagnosing both a mental health disorder and a substance use disorder marks the first critical step toward lasting success. Too often, one of these conditions goes unrecognized because mental health issues and addiction share similar biological, psychological, and social factors.Raising public awareness about co-occurring disorders and their unique treatment needs is essential. When people understand the importance of dual diagnosis and integrated care, they can make informed decisions that dramatically improve their quality of life. Mental health professionals play a key role in this process, offering expert guidance that helps individuals heal, grow, and reclaim their lives. With the right care, support, and determination, a fulfilling and empowered life is absolutely within reach.References National Institute of Mental Health. (2024). Substance Use and Co-occurring Mental Disorders. National Institute of Mental Health. National Institute of Mental Health Accessed April 10, 2025. ‌Bethesda. (2020). Common Comorbidities with Substance Use Disorders Research Report. In PubMed. National Institute on Drug Abuse (US). National Library of Medicine Accessed April 10, 2025. Ross, S., & Peselow, E. (2012). Co-Occurring Psychotic and Addictive Disorders. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 35(5), 235–243. Co-Occurring Psychotic and Addictive Disorders Accessed April 10, 2025. National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2024). Co-Occurring Disorders and Health Conditions | National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse Accessed April 10, 2025. ‌Spencer, A. E., Valentine, S. E., Sikov, J., Yule, A. M., Hsu, H., Hallett, E., Xuan, Z., Silverstein, M., & Fortuna, L. (2021). Principles of Care for Young Adults With Co-Occurring Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Pediatrics, 147(Supplement 2), 229–239. Principles of Care for Young Adults With Co-Occurring Psychiatric and Substance Use… Accessed April 10, 2025. ‌Chapter 7—Treatment Models and Settings for People With Co-Occurring Disorders. (2020). In www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). National Library of Medicine Accessed April 10, 2025. ‌McHugh, R. K., Hearon, B. A., & Otto, M. W. (2010). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33(3), 511–525. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders Accessed April 10, 2025. ‌Horigian, V. E., Anderson, A. R., & Szapocznik, J. (2019). Family-Based Treatments for Adolescent Substance Use. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25(4), 603–628. Family-Based Treatments for Adolescent Substance Use Accessed April 10, 2025. ‌Tracy, K., & Wallace, S. P. (2016). Benefits of peer support groups in the treatment of addiction. Substance abuse and rehabilitation, 7, 143–154. Benefits of peer support groups in the treatment of addiction Accessed April 10, 2025. Medical ContentThe Clinical Affairs Team at MentalHealth.com is a dedicated group of medical professionals with diverse and extensive clinical experience. They actively contribute to the development of content, products, and services, and meticulously review all medical material before publication to ensure accuracy and alignment with current research and conversations in mental health. For more information, please visit the Editorial Policy.About MentalHealth.comMentalHealth.com helps people understand themselves, build healthier relationships, and access the right care. We bring together mental health education, diagnostics, and care management to support well-being throughout every phase of life.AuthorNikki SeayWriterNikki Seay is a professional writer with over a decade of experience in digital health and clinical healthcare. 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(2024). Substance Use and Co-occurring Mental Disorders. National Institute of Mental Health. National Institute of Mental Health Accessed April 10, 2025.","links":[{"url":"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/substance-use-and-mental-health","label":"National Institute of Mental Health"}],"url":"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/substance-use-and-mental-health"},{"number":2,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/co-occurring-disorders#common-comorbidities-substance-use-disorders-research-report","text":"‌Bethesda. (2020). Common Comorbidities with Substance Use Disorders Research Report. In PubMed. National Institute on Drug Abuse (US). National Library of Medicine Accessed April 10, 2025.","links":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571451/","label":"National Library of Medicine"}],"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571451/"},{"number":3,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/co-occurring-disorders#co-occurring-psychotic-addictive-disorders","text":"Ross, S., & Peselow, E. (2012). Co-Occurring Psychotic and Addictive Disorders. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 35(5), 235–243. Co-Occurring Psychotic and Addictive Disorders Accessed April 10, 2025.","links":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0b013e318261e193","label":"Co-Occurring Psychotic and Addictive Disorders"}],"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0b013e318261e193"},{"number":4,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/co-occurring-disorders#co-occurring-disorders-health-conditions-national-institute-drug-abuse","text":"National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2024). Co-Occurring Disorders and Health Conditions | National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Institute on Drug Abuse Accessed April 10, 2025.","links":[{"url":"https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/co-occurring-disorders-health-conditions","label":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"}],"url":"https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/co-occurring-disorders-health-conditions"},{"number":5,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/co-occurring-disorders#principles-care-young-adults-co-occurring-psychiatric-substance-use","text":"‌Spencer, A. E., Valentine, S. E., Sikov, J., Yule, A. M., Hsu, H., Hallett, E., Xuan, Z., Silverstein, M., & Fortuna, L. (2021). Principles of Care for Young Adults With Co-Occurring Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Pediatrics, 147(Supplement 2), 229–239. Principles of Care for Young Adults With Co-Occurring Psychiatric and Substance Use… Accessed April 10, 2025.","links":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-023523f","label":"Principles of Care for Young Adults With Co-Occurring Psychiatric and Substance Use…"}],"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-023523f"},{"number":6,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/co-occurring-disorders#www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov","text":"‌Chapter 7—Treatment Models and Settings for People With Co-Occurring Disorders. (2020). In www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US). National Library of Medicine Accessed April 10, 2025.","links":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571024/","label":"National Library of Medicine"}],"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK571024/"},{"number":7,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/co-occurring-disorders#cognitive-behavioral-therapy-substance-use-disorders","text":"‌McHugh, R. K., Hearon, B. A., & Otto, M. W. (2010). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33(3), 511–525. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders Accessed April 10, 2025.","links":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.012","label":"Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Substance Use Disorders"}],"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2010.04.012"},{"number":8,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/co-occurring-disorders#family-based-treatments-adolescent-substance-use","text":"‌Horigian, V. E., Anderson, A. R., & Szapocznik, J. (2019). Family-Based Treatments for Adolescent Substance Use. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 25(4), 603–628. Family-Based Treatments for Adolescent Substance Use Accessed April 10, 2025.","links":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2016.06.001","label":"Family-Based Treatments for Adolescent Substance Use"}],"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2016.06.001"},{"number":9,"id":"https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/co-occurring-disorders#benefits-peer-support-groups-treatment-addiction","text":"‌Tracy, K., & Wallace, S. P. (2016). Benefits of peer support groups in the treatment of addiction. Substance abuse and rehabilitation, 7, 143–154. 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