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Sleep Disorders

Written by \"\"Lisa A. KoosisMedically reviewed by \"\"Erin L. George

Published on · Updated on

Sleep disorders are a collection of medical conditions that impact the quality, quantity, and length of sleep. They can cause or exacerbate several physical and mental health conditions, cause impairments in cognitive functioning, and create dangers for the person affected⁠[1].

\"A

Key takeaways

  • Sleep disorders affect sleep timing, quality, or duration and can impair physical health, mood, and cognition.
  • Symptoms vary and may include difficulty sleeping, daytime sleepiness, abnormal breathing, or unusual nighttime behaviors.
  • Diagnosis guides condition-specific treatment, with sleep routines and mental health support sometimes complementing medical care.

What Is a Sleep Disorder?

\nAlthough specific sleep requirements vary by age, for most people, a normal night’s sleep consists of falling asleep easily, staying asleep for the entire night, and waking refreshed in the morning[1]. Sleep disorders are conditions that regularly interfere with the amount, timing, or overall quality of sleep.\nSleeping disorders fall into two categories:\n

    \n
  • Dyssomnia, which is characterized by trouble falling or staying asleep
    • \n
  • Parasomnia, which is characterized by abnormal activities, such as nightmares, sleepwalking, or night terrors [2]
    • \n

\nCommon sleep disorders within those two categories include: [3]\n

    \n
  • Insomnia: Individuals with insomnia have trouble falling or staying asleep and often experience daytime sleepiness. They may have one or more short-term episodes of insomnia or struggle with persistent or recurring sleeplessness.
    • \n
  • Nightmare disorder: People with nightmare disorder regularly experience long and disturbing dreams. This condition may begin in early childhood, but it’s most commonly diagnosed in adolescence or young adulthood.
    • \n
  • Narcolepsy: Narcolepsy causes individuals to feel a strong urge to sleep at inappropriate or unexpected times. They may fall asleep multiple times a day.
    • \n
  • Restless legs syndrome: Individuals with restless legs syndrome, also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, experience a compulsive need to move their legs. They may also have uncomfortable sensations, such as burning, tingling, or itching, in their legs, which may worsen at night or when they’re resting.
    • \n
  • Sleep apnea: People diagnosed with sleep apnea have episodes of airway obstruction during sleep, leading to interrupted breathing, snoring, and gasping or snorting.
    • \n

What Causes Sleep Disorders?

\nSleep disorders have various causes, depending on the individual and the specific condition. However, several common factors can disrupt an individual’s natural cycle of sleep and wakefulness, including:\n

    \n
  • Genetics: Some conditions, such as narcolepsy, may have a genetic component. Genetic syndromes, such as cleft palate, may also cause some types of sleep apnea[4].
    • \n
  • Aging: Sleep disorders are common in people over 65. This may be a normal part of aging or because of medications commonly taken by older adults[5].
    • \n
  • Environmental conditions: Noise, light, temperature, and other environmental factors play a prominent role in sleep-related wellness. Poor environmental conditions may negatively impact sleep[6].
    • \n
  • Work schedules: Overnight employment or irregular work schedules can interfere with an individual’s biological clock, potentially causing a sleep disorder[7].
    • \n
  • Medical conditions: Medical conditions are often linked to sleep disorders. For example, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), and obesity may cause sleep apnea. Medical conditions that cause pain can also interrupt sleep patterns[8].
    • \n
  • Psychiatric disorders: Anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and other mental health conditions may lead to sleep disorders[9].
    • \n
  • Prescription medications: Some medications, including steroids and diuretics, can interfere with the ability to sleep[10].
    • \n
  • Caffeine: Excessive use of caffeine can lead to sleep disturbances in some people. Effects may be worse if caffeine is consumed prior to bedtime[11].
    • \n
  • Pregnancy: Pregnant women often develop sleep disorders, such as insomnia, restless legs syndrome, and sleep apnea[12].
    • \n

Subject matter expert

\"\"

Simone Hoermann Ph.D.

Psychotherapy for insomnia, anxiety, and depression

What Are Symptoms of Sleep Disorders?

\nThe signs of a sleeping disorder may be obvious, such as having trouble falling or staying asleep, and/or excessive sleepiness during the day. However, symptoms can vary depending on the type of disorder and the individual. Other common symptoms include: [13]\n

    \n
  • Chronic snoring
    • \n
  • Abnormal breathing patterns during sleep
    • \n
  • Choking episodes during sleep
    • \n
  • Irregular patterns of sleeping and waking
    • \n
  • Frequent nightmares or sleep terrors
    • \n
  • Sleepwalking
    • \n
  • Weight gain
    • \n
  • Falling asleep at unusual or inappropriate times
    • \n
  • Unusual or uncomfortable limb movements before or during sleep
    • \n
  • The urge to move the legs prior to sleeping
    • \n

\nSeveral medical conditions may also be indicative of an underlying sleep disorder, including: [14]\n

How Are Sleep Disorders Diagnosed?

\nIf a physician suspects a sleep disorder, they may refer the patient to a sleep specialist, who is trained to evaluate sleep issues. The evaluation may involve:\n

    \n
  • A detailed medical history: This typically includes questions about overall health, symptoms, prescription and OTC medications, and sleep schedules.
    • \n
  • A physical exam: During a physical exam, the doctor may check for nasal congestion, enlarged tonsils, a narrow airway, or a deviated septum.
    • \n
  • Lab work: A doctor may order blood tests to check an individual's iron levels and thyroid function, or to do a drug screening.
    • \n
  • A sleep journal: Patients may be asked to track sleep patterns and quality over a period of about 1 to 2 weeks.
    • \n
  • A sleep study: Sleep studies may be done at home or in a clinical setting. Equipment may record crucial information, such as sleep stages, blood oxygen levels, eye movement, and brain waves.
    • \n
  • Diagnostic tests: Physicians may order additional tests to determine an individual's sleepiness levels and their ability to stay awake during the day[15].
    • \n

\nAfter obtaining sufficient information, the physician may diagnose a sleep disorder and create a treatment plan.\n

What Is the Best Treatment for Sleep Disorders?

\nThe best treatment for a sleeping disorder depends on the specific condition, its severity, and the individual's general health. Treatment options include:\n

    \n
  • Therapies: Several therapies may be prescribed to treat sleep disorders. Orofacial therapy, which exercises facial muscles, may help with sleep apnea. Light therapy, which exposes an individual to artificial light that mimics sunlight, can help reset the sleep-wake cycle in some people.
    • \n
  • Medications: Over-the-counter or prescription sleep aids may help people who have trouble sleeping. However, many medications cause side effects and aren’t designed for long-term use.
    • \n
  • Devices: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machines or oral devices that better-position the jaw and tongue to help keep an individual’s airways open may reduce episodes of sleep apnea.
    • \n
  • Surgical procedures: Some surgical interventions, such as soft tissue removal from the throat and mouth, may make an individual’s airway bigger to facilitate nighttime breathing[16].
    • \n

How to Cope With a Sleep Disorder Diagnosis

\nSleep and mental health are closely linked, and sleep problems can have a negative impact on your state of mind[17]. Individuals diagnosed with a sleep disorder may want to consider simple lifestyle changes to improve their quality of sleep. This may include:\n

    \n
  • Maintaining a regular sleep schedule
    • \n
  • Avoiding naps
    • \n
  • Reducing caffeine intake
    • \n
  • Reducing beverage intake before bedtime
    • \n
  • Creating a sleep-friendly bedroom
    • \n

\nA trusted physician can provide advice on additional treatment options. Individuals who are experiencing emotional distress related to their diagnosis may find it helpful to consult a trained mental health counselor.\n

References

  1. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). [Referenced web resource]. National Library of Medicine.
  2. Primary Sleep Disorders: Dyssomnias. (2024). Johns Hopkins Medicine. Accessed October 10 2026.
  3. American Psychiatric Association. (n.d.). What are Sleep Disorders? American Psychiatric Association. Accessed October 10 2026.
  4. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Narcolepsy: MedlinePlus Genetics. MedlinePlus. Accessed October 10 2026.
  5. Cleveland Clinic. (2017). Sleep Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment. Cleveland Clinic. Accessed October 10 2026.
  6. World Sleep Society. (2015). Environmental Sleep Factors. worldsleepday.org. Accessed October 10 2026.
  7. Cleveland Clinic. (2017). Shift Work Sleep Disorder (SWSD): Symptoms & Treatment. Cleveland Clinic. Accessed October 10 2026.
  8. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Sleep Disorders | MedlinePlus. MedlinePlus. Accessed October 10 2026.
  9. Nutt, D., Wilson, S., & Paterson, L. (2008). Sleep disorders as core symptoms of depression. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 10(3), 329-336. National Library of Medicine. Accessed October 10 2026.
  10. National Jewish Health. (n.d.). Medications That Cause Insomnia. nationaljewish.org. Accessed October 10 2026.
  11. Lauren Fountain. (2009). Caffeine and Sleep. Sleep Foundation. Sleep Foundation. Accessed October 10 2026.
  12. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2019, April 29). Are there medical conditions that may disrupt sleep patterns? National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Accessed October 10 2026.
  13. Logan Foley. (2020). Sleep Disorders. Sleep Foundation. Sleep Foundation. Accessed October 10 2026.
  14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Sleep and chronic disease. CDC (archived copy).
  15. National Jewish Health. (n.d.). Sleep Disorder Diagnosis | Were You Recently Diagnosed? nationaljewish.org. Accessed October 10 2026.
  16. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (n.d.). Sleep Disorder Treatments. NHLBI, NIH. National Institutes of Health. Accessed October 10 2026.
  17. How sleep can affect mental health | Sleep problems | Mind. (n.d.). Mind. Accessed October 10 2026.

Medical Content

The Clinical Affairs Team at MentalHealth.com is a dedicated group of medical professionals with diverse and extensive clinical experience. They actively contribute to the development of content, products, and services, and meticulously review all medical material before publication to ensure accuracy and alignment with current research and conversations in mental health. For more information, please visit the Editorial Policy.

About MentalHealth.com

MentalHealth.com helps people understand themselves, build healthier relationships, and access the right care. We bring together mental health education, diagnostics, and care management to support well-being throughout every phase of life.

\"\"

Author

Lisa A. Koosis

Writer

Lisa A. Koosis is a writer and blogger who writes about the science of positive affirmations and the brain.

Published
Updated
\"\"

Medical Reviewer

Erin L. George

MFT

Erin L. George, MFT, holds a master's degree in family therapy with a focus on group dynamics in high-risk families. As a court-appointed special advocate for children, she is dedicated to helping families rebuild relationships and improve their mental and behavioral health.

Reviewed
\"\"

Related community

Self-Care

Explore everyday routines, personal needs, and moments that support a sense of well-being.

","text":"Home Library Medical Conditions Sleep Disorders Sleep Disorders Written by Lisa A. KoosisMedically reviewed by Erin L. George Published on December 22, 2022 · Updated on August 13, 2025 Sleep disorders are a collection of medical conditions that impact the quality, quantity, and length of sleep. They can cause or exacerbate several physical and mental health conditions, cause impairments in cognitive functioning, and create dangers for the person affected⁠[1]. Key takeaways Sleep disorders affect sleep timing, quality, or duration and can impair physical health, mood, and cognition. Symptoms vary and may include difficulty sleeping, daytime sleepiness, abnormal breathing, or unusual nighttime behaviors. Diagnosis guides condition-specific treatment, with sleep routines and mental health support sometimes complementing medical care. What Is a Sleep Disorder? Although specific sleep requirements vary by age, for most people, a normal night’s sleep consists of falling asleep easily, staying asleep for the entire night, and waking refreshed in the morning[1]. Sleep disorders are conditions that regularly interfere with the amount, timing, or overall quality of sleep. Sleeping disorders fall into two categories: Dyssomnia, which is characterized by trouble falling or staying asleep Parasomnia, which is characterized by abnormal activities, such as nightmares, sleepwalking, or night terrors [2] Common sleep disorders within those two categories include: [3] Insomnia: Individuals with insomnia have trouble falling or staying asleep and often experience daytime sleepiness. They may have one or more short-term episodes of insomnia or struggle with persistent or recurring sleeplessness. Nightmare disorder: People with nightmare disorder regularly experience long and disturbing dreams. This condition may begin in early childhood, but it’s most commonly diagnosed in adolescence or young adulthood. Narcolepsy: Narcolepsy causes individuals to feel a strong urge to sleep at inappropriate or unexpected times. They may fall asleep multiple times a day. Restless legs syndrome: Individuals with restless legs syndrome, also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, experience a compulsive need to move their legs. They may also have uncomfortable sensations, such as burning, tingling, or itching, in their legs, which may worsen at night or when they’re resting. Sleep apnea: People diagnosed with sleep apnea have episodes of airway obstruction during sleep, leading to interrupted breathing, snoring, and gasping or snorting. What Causes Sleep Disorders? Sleep disorders have various causes, depending on the individual and the specific condition. However, several common factors can disrupt an individual’s natural cycle of sleep and wakefulness, including: Genetics: Some conditions, such as narcolepsy, may have a genetic component. Genetic syndromes, such as cleft palate, may also cause some types of sleep apnea[4]. Aging: Sleep disorders are common in people over 65. This may be a normal part of aging or because of medications commonly taken by older adults[5]. Environmental conditions: Noise, light, temperature, and other environmental factors play a prominent role in sleep-related wellness. Poor environmental conditions may negatively impact sleep[6]. Work schedules: Overnight employment or irregular work schedules can interfere with an individual’s biological clock, potentially causing a sleep disorder[7]. Medical conditions: Medical conditions are often linked to sleep disorders. For example, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), and obesity may cause sleep apnea. Medical conditions that cause pain can also interrupt sleep patterns[8]. Psychiatric disorders: Anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and other mental health conditions may lead to sleep disorders[9]. Prescription medications: Some medications, including steroids and diuretics, can interfere with the ability to sleep[10]. Caffeine: Excessive use of caffeine can lead to sleep disturbances in some people. Effects may be worse if caffeine is consumed prior to bedtime[11]. Pregnancy: Pregnant women often develop sleep disorders, such as insomnia, restless legs syndrome, and sleep apnea[12]. Subject matter expert Simone Hoermann Ph.D. Psychotherapy for insomnia, anxiety, and depression What Are Symptoms of Sleep Disorders? The signs of a sleeping disorder may be obvious, such as having trouble falling or staying asleep, and/or excessive sleepiness during the day. However, symptoms can vary depending on the type of disorder and the individual. Other common symptoms include: [13] Chronic snoring Abnormal breathing patterns during sleep Choking episodes during sleep Irregular patterns of sleeping and waking Frequent nightmares or sleep terrors Sleepwalking Weight gain Falling asleep at unusual or inappropriate times Unusual or uncomfortable limb movements before or during sleep The urge to move the legs prior to sleeping Several medical conditions may also be indicative of an underlying sleep disorder, including: [14] Obesity Type 2 diabetes High blood pressure Heart disease How Are Sleep Disorders Diagnosed? If a physician suspects a sleep disorder, they may refer the patient to a sleep specialist, who is trained to evaluate sleep issues. The evaluation may involve: A detailed medical history: This typically includes questions about overall health, symptoms, prescription and OTC medications, and sleep schedules. A physical exam: During a physical exam, the doctor may check for nasal congestion, enlarged tonsils, a narrow airway, or a deviated septum. Lab work: A doctor may order blood tests to check an individual's iron levels and thyroid function, or to do a drug screening. A sleep journal: Patients may be asked to track sleep patterns and quality over a period of about 1 to 2 weeks. A sleep study: Sleep studies may be done at home or in a clinical setting. Equipment may record crucial information, such as sleep stages, blood oxygen levels, eye movement, and brain waves. Diagnostic tests: Physicians may order additional tests to determine an individual's sleepiness levels and their ability to stay awake during the day[15]. After obtaining sufficient information, the physician may diagnose a sleep disorder and create a treatment plan. What Is the Best Treatment for Sleep Disorders? The best treatment for a sleeping disorder depends on the specific condition, its severity, and the individual's general health. Treatment options include: Therapies: Several therapies may be prescribed to treat sleep disorders. Orofacial therapy, which exercises facial muscles, may help with sleep apnea. Light therapy, which exposes an individual to artificial light that mimics sunlight, can help reset the sleep-wake cycle in some people. Medications: Over-the-counter or prescription sleep aids may help people who have trouble sleeping. However, many medications cause side effects and aren’t designed for long-term use. Devices: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machines or oral devices that better-position the jaw and tongue to help keep an individual’s airways open may reduce episodes of sleep apnea. Surgical procedures: Some surgical interventions, such as soft tissue removal from the throat and mouth, may make an individual’s airway bigger to facilitate nighttime breathing[16]. How to Cope With a Sleep Disorder Diagnosis Sleep and mental health are closely linked, and sleep problems can have a negative impact on your state of mind[17]. Individuals diagnosed with a sleep disorder may want to consider simple lifestyle changes to improve their quality of sleep. This may include: Maintaining a regular sleep schedule Avoiding naps Reducing caffeine intake Reducing beverage intake before bedtime Creating a sleep-friendly bedroom A trusted physician can provide advice on additional treatment options. Individuals who are experiencing emotional distress related to their diagnosis may find it helpful to consult a trained mental health counselor. References National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). [Referenced web resource]. National Library of Medicine. Primary Sleep Disorders: Dyssomnias. (2024). Johns Hopkins Medicine. Accessed October 10 2026. American Psychiatric Association. (n.d.). What are Sleep Disorders? American Psychiatric Association. Accessed October 10 2026. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Narcolepsy: MedlinePlus Genetics. MedlinePlus. Accessed October 10 2026. Cleveland Clinic. (2017). Sleep Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment. Cleveland Clinic. Accessed October 10 2026. World Sleep Society. (2015). Environmental Sleep Factors. worldsleepday.org. Accessed October 10 2026. Cleveland Clinic. (2017). Shift Work Sleep Disorder (SWSD): Symptoms & Treatment. Cleveland Clinic. Accessed October 10 2026. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Sleep Disorders | MedlinePlus. MedlinePlus. Accessed October 10 2026. Nutt, D., Wilson, S., & Paterson, L. (2008). Sleep disorders as core symptoms of depression. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 10(3), 329-336. National Library of Medicine. Accessed October 10 2026. National Jewish Health. (n.d.). Medications That Cause Insomnia. nationaljewish.org. Accessed October 10 2026. Lauren Fountain. (2009). Caffeine and Sleep. Sleep Foundation. Sleep Foundation. Accessed October 10 2026. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (2019, April 29). Are there medical conditions that may disrupt sleep patterns? National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Accessed October 10 2026. Logan Foley. (2020). Sleep Disorders. Sleep Foundation. Sleep Foundation. Accessed October 10 2026. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Sleep and chronic disease. CDC (archived copy). National Jewish Health. (n.d.). Sleep Disorder Diagnosis | Were You Recently Diagnosed? nationaljewish.org. Accessed October 10 2026. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (n.d.). Sleep Disorder Treatments. NHLBI, NIH. National Institutes of Health. Accessed October 10 2026. How sleep can affect mental health | Sleep problems | Mind. (n.d.). Mind. Accessed October 10 2026. Medical Content The Clinical Affairs Team at MentalHealth.com is a dedicated group of medical professionals with diverse and extensive clinical experience. They actively contribute to the development of content, products, and services, and meticulously review all medical material before publication to ensure accuracy and alignment with current research and conversations in mental health. For more information, please visit the Editorial Policy. About MentalHealth.com MentalHealth.com helps people understand themselves, build healthier relationships, and access the right care. We bring together mental health education, diagnostics, and care management to support well-being throughout every phase of life. Author Lisa A. Koosis Writer Lisa A. Koosis is a writer and blogger who writes about the science of positive affirmations and the brain. Published December 22, 2022 Updated August 13, 2025 Medical Reviewer Erin L. George MFT Erin L. George, MFT, holds a master's degree in family therapy with a focus on group dynamics in high-risk families. As a court-appointed special advocate for children, she is dedicated to helping families rebuild relationships and improve their mental and behavioral health. Reviewed December 22, 2022 Related community Self-Care Explore everyday routines, personal needs, and moments that support a sense of well-being. Table of contentsChoose a section What Is a Sleep Disorder? What Causes Sleep Disorders? What Are Symptoms of Sleep Disorders? How Are Sleep Disorders Diagnosed? What Is the Best Treatment for Sleep Disorders? 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